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骨形态发生蛋白与乳腺癌的研究进展△

2016-03-17陈伟玲韩向晖

癌症进展 2016年4期
关键词:成骨研究进展受体

陈伟玲 韩向晖

上海中医药大学附属龙华医院中医外科研究所,上海 200032

骨形态发生蛋白与乳腺癌的研究进展△

陈伟玲韩向晖#

上海中医药大学附属龙华医院中医外科研究所,上海200032

骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)是一类具有诱导骨活性的多功能糖蛋白,它不但能促进骨的生成,诱导成骨和间充质干细胞成骨分化,而且在多种肿瘤的恶性进展中发挥重要作用。乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,在我国发病率逐年升高,约70%的乳腺癌患者发生肺、骨等部位的转移。目前,BMP在乳腺癌发生、发展过程中的作用机制及寻找乳腺癌新的治疗靶点已经成为医学界的研究热点。本文就近10年BMP对乳腺癌细胞生长、侵袭和转移的影响及机制的研究进展作一综述。

骨形态发生蛋白;乳腺癌;增殖;转移;侵袭

骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins,BMP)是一种生长因子,大部分BMP属于转化生长因子-β(transform ing grow th factor-β,TGF-β)超家族。BMP由Marshall Urist于1965年发现,Wozney等从骨提取物中分离并鉴定出具有骨诱导和成骨作用的物质,将之命名为BMP。BMP是一种二聚体蛋白,可以被蛋白酶分解。不同的BMP表现出不同的受体结合性,一般情况下是一对一结合。但不同的BMP却有可能利用相同的信号通路,主要是MAPK和Smad。最新研究表明BMP可能与人类癌症有关,因为BMP是组织形态发生素。这些研究关注的重点是BMP在癌细胞中发挥的作用,包括增殖、转移、血管新生、分化和表观遗传调控。本文旨在阐述BMP与肿瘤生长、转移和侵袭的关系,尤其着重阐述BMP与乳腺癌发生发展的关系。

1 BMP的概述

BMP是一类酸性糖蛋白,是唯一能使诱导性骨祖细胞转化为成骨细胞的蛋白质,具有促进骨的生成,诱导成骨和间充质干细胞成骨分化的作用[1-3]。BMP的其他生物学功能逐渐被证实,如参与肿瘤恶性进展,调节胚胎发育,调节脂肪、肝脏及神经系统等组织器官平衡等[3]。目前发现的BMP有20多种亚型,除了BMP1是金属蛋白酶的虾红素家族外,大部分BMP都是TGF-β超家族成员[4-5]。BMP首先与细胞膜上Ⅰ型受体(BMPR1)和Ⅱ型受体(BMPR2)结合形成复合物,激活下游的Smad通路,将细胞外的信号转导到细胞内,进而活化或抑制靶基因的转录,从而发挥生物学功能[6-7]。

2 BMP与肿瘤

BMP在多种肿瘤的恶性进展中发挥重要的调控作用,在一些肿瘤中主要发挥抑制活性,而在另一些肿瘤中则表现出促进作用。研究表明,BMP2能通过调节细胞周期,诱导细胞凋亡,抑制乳腺癌、胃癌、前列腺癌、肾上腺皮质肿瘤和成神经管细胞瘤的生长[8]。BMP7在前列腺癌和黑色素瘤中通过类似机制实现抑制肿瘤细胞生长、侵袭的作用[9-10];BMP2能通过激活Smad促进胰腺癌、肺癌细胞的生长,转移和侵袭[11-12];BMP4则可以促进肝癌、黑色素瘤、结直肠癌的生长,转移和侵袭[13-15]。研究发现,BMPR异常或缺失会影响肿瘤的进展。一方面BMPR下调能增加炎性反应,对BMP的生长抑制效应产生抵抗,使肿瘤细胞在增殖过程中避免正常生理的制约而发展为恶性表型;另一方面在某些肿瘤(如前列腺癌、乳腺癌)中,缺失BMPR的癌细胞会逃避抑制效应向骨等组织中转移[16-17]。此外,BMP与Wnt/Smad信号之间的相互作用会促进肿瘤的恶性进展。Voorneveld等[18]和Clausen等[19]发现BMP在Smad4缺失时或Smad磷酸化被阻断后,能激活肿瘤细胞中Wnt信号通路,从而促进乳腺癌和结直肠癌的增殖和侵袭;而Wnt也能通过蛋白激酶C/NF-κB通路诱导BMP的表达,激活相应的Smad通路,促进前列腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭[20]。异常的BMP能通过刺激ALK3/6和ALK5/7复合物的形成,诱导Smad1/5和Smad2/3在肿瘤细胞中的积聚,进而促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭能力[21]。

3 BMP与乳腺癌

3.1BMP对乳腺癌细胞增殖的影响

BMP对乳腺癌细胞的生长主要表现为抑制作用[22-23],其中BMP2、BMP4、BMP6、BMP9的研究较为广泛。Hu等[24]研究发现,正常的乳腺组织中BMP6的表达高于乳腺癌组织,BMP6可以靶向调节裸鼠移植瘤模型中的m icroRNA-192,调节乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞周期进程,抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖。Lian等[25]也证实了BMP6下调能够促进乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的增殖及对化疗药阿霉素的抗性,并与雌激素受体(ER)和孕激素受体(PR)状态、肿瘤分级等密切相关。此外,Chen等[26]和Ketolainen等[27]研究发现,BMP4可以使乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB231和MCF-7的细胞周期停滞在G1期,加速癌细胞凋亡,显著抑制癌细胞的生长、增殖。而BMP2抑制乳腺癌细胞生长的机制是通过上调p21CIP1/WAF1蛋白,抑制Cdk2激酶活性和减少pRb的磷酸化来实现。Wang等[28]将乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231和过表达BMP9的骨髓间充质干细胞HS-5共培养,发现BMP9可以促进乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231凋亡及下调上皮细胞-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)相关分子表达,显著抑制其增殖。

3.2BMP对乳腺癌细胞侵袭、转移的影响

BMP的活性与乳腺癌的侵袭、转移能力密切相关,不同的BMP对乳腺癌细胞的侵袭和转移表现出不同的作用。Du等[29]研究发现,BMP6可以通过诱导E-cadherin或抑制m icroRNA-21的表达对乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的骨转移产生抑制作用。Ren等[30]研究发现,BMP9在体内、体外均可抑制乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231向骨的侵袭和转移,其机制是通过活化Smad信号和下调结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue grow th factor,CTGF)的表达发挥作用。相反,BMP4和BMP7则主要促进乳腺癌细胞转移和侵袭。Ketolainen等[27]研究发现BMP4是通过活化Smad信号调节细胞表型的变化,从而诱导乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB231和MCF-7的侵袭和转移。有研究也证实BMP4能通过刺激乳腺纤维母细胞上调促肿瘤形成因子(IL-6、SDF1a、CXCL16等),促炎性细胞因子和基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)的分泌,进而促进乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的侵袭及增强肿瘤血管的生成[31-34]。当乳腺癌荷瘤小鼠使用BMP受体拮抗剂DMH1治疗后,肿瘤细胞的凋亡增强,癌化的淋巴血管和巨噬细胞减少,有效抑制肿瘤负荷和转移。Naber等[35]研究发现,BMP7能够促进小鼠乳腺癌细胞4T1E/M 3向脊柱和肺高转移,其机制与BMP7上调乳腺癌细胞的Smad5/8磷酸化水平有关,当用抗BMP7抗体或者降低BMP7基因表达的方法治疗时,乳腺癌细胞的生长和转移均受到抑制[36]。此外,这两种BMP还能通过调节炎性反应,促进淋巴管新生,调节肿瘤细胞EMT和间质上皮转化(mesenchymal-epithelial transition,MET),促进乳腺癌细胞侵袭和转移[37-43]。不同BMP对乳腺癌细胞侵袭和转移会产生截然相反的作用,可能是由于BMP剂量、细胞微环境和细胞特性的不同造成的[44]。

4 展望

BMP广泛参与各种肿瘤的发生和发展,与肿瘤细胞的生长、凋亡、侵袭和转移有密切关系。BMP对乳腺癌细胞生长和增殖的作用主要是以抑制为主,但对乳腺癌细胞的侵袭和转移则具有不同作用,如BMP6、BMP9可以抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移,加速肿瘤细胞的凋亡;而BMP4和BMP7则促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移。由于BMP的活性与乳腺癌疾病进展密切相关,因此可能成为乳腺癌诊断生物标志物及治疗的潜在靶点。目前对BMP与乳腺癌的研究仍不够深入,其中有些BMP的研究还存在争议,有待进一步阐明。随着分子生物学和基因工程学的快速发展,人们将深入探究BMP在乳腺癌进展中的作用及分子机制,势必为乳腺癌患者的靶向治疗提供更多的证据。

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R737.9

A

10.11877/j.issn.1672-1535.2016.14.04.01

2015-12-14)

国家自然科学基金(81573973)

(corresponding author),邮箱:hanxianghui1106@163.com

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