肠易激综合征临床诊断的潜在生物学标记物
2016-03-14罗和生任海霞张法灿梁列新
罗和生 任海霞张法灿 梁列新 张 国
武汉大学人民医院消化内科1(430060) 广西壮族自治区人民医院消化内科2
肠易激综合征临床诊断的潜在生物学标记物
罗和生1任海霞1张法灿2*梁列新2张 国2
武汉大学人民医院消化内科1(430060) 广西壮族自治区人民医院消化内科2
肠易激综合征(IBS)是一种以腹痛或腹部不适,伴排便习惯或粪便性状改变为主要临床特征的功能性肠病。IBS 的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确,使诊断存在一定困难。目前IBS的诊断主要是基于临床症状,易漏诊、误诊。随着基础和临床研究的深入,一些潜在的IBS相关生物学标记物受到广泛关注。本文就IBS临床诊断的潜在生物学标记物作一综述。
肠易激综合征; 诊断, 鉴别; 生物学标记; 内分泌细胞
肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)是一种以腹痛或腹部不适,伴排便习惯或粪便性状改变为主要临床特征的功能性肠病。由于IBS的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确,且临床表现缺乏特异性,使诊断存在一定困难。目前IBS的诊断主要是基于临床症状,因此诊断存在主观性,易漏诊、误诊。随着基础和临床研究的深入,一些潜在的IBS相关生物学标记物受到广泛关注,以期寻找客观指标辅助IBS诊断。尽管肠动力学、粪便性状、自主神经反应性、粪便胰蛋白酶水平等曾被作为IBS的潜在生物学标记,但此类指标诊断IBS的价值有限。近年来发现了诸多与IBS发病机制密切相关的分子,其中一部分可能具有潜在诊断价值,本文就IBS临床诊断的潜在生物学标记物作一综述。
一、抗Hu抗体
肠神经系统(ENS)的结构和功能相对独立,对胃肠道运动、分泌等功能具有调控作用,对胃肠道正常生理功能的维持具有重要意义。抗Hu抗体亦称为Ⅰ型神经元抗核抗体,其抗原蛋白在ENS神经元的胞质和胞核中均有分布。研究显示,IBS患者血清抗Hu抗体阳性率高达79%,显著高于健康人群,且抗Hu抗体阳性患者多存在胃肠动力异常[1-2]。de Giorgio等[3-4]的研究发现,抗Hu抗体可促进神经元自噬、凋亡,进而引起肌间神经元损伤。推测抗Hu抗体可能通过损伤ENS参与IBS发病。目前关于抗Hu抗体的研究样本量相对较小,其诊断IBS的有效性有待证实。
二、血清生物学标记物联合心理因素
目前IBS的诊断尚缺乏单一的血清学标记物。Lembo等[5]从140项血清生化指标中筛选出10项可用于鉴别IBS与非IBS人群的血清学标记物,其中包括白细胞介素(IL)-1β、生长调节致癌基因(GRO)-α、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、抗酿酒酵母菌抗体、抗鞭毛蛋白抗体、抗组织谷氨酰胺转移酶抗体等,该组指标鉴别IBS与健康人群的特异性高达88%,总体准确性约为70%。Jones等[6]在此基础上新增了24项指标,包括前列腺素E2(PGE2)、类胰蛋白酶、5-羟色胺、P物质、IL-12、IL-10、IL-6、IL-8等,此外该研究还考虑了心理因素,如情绪、压力、胃肠道外躯体化症状等对疾病的影响,这项联合34项生物学指标以及心理因素的诊断方案使鉴别IBS与非IBS的敏感性和特异性均显著提高,总体准确性大于85%,且可用于鉴别IBS的不同亚型。然而,该诊断方案存在不足之处,其未能证实心理因素与IBS的直接联系以及其在鉴别IBS不同亚型中的作用。此外,如何组合标记物使诊断达到最大效应仍需进一步研究。
三、胃肠道内分泌细胞
胃肠道内分泌细胞在IBS的内脏高敏感、胃肠道动力异常以及内分泌异常的病理生理学机制中发挥重要作用。研究[7]发现,IBS患者肠黏膜中的内分泌细胞种类和数量均明显减少,可能与干细胞分化异常有关。
1. 生长激素释放肽分泌细胞:IBS患者胃肠道内存在多种内分泌细胞异常,其中生长激素释放肽分泌细胞颇受关注。生长激素释放肽是胃黏膜产酸细胞分泌的一种多肽类激素,可加速胃肠运动。研究[8]显示,便秘型IBS(IBS-C)患者胃窦黏膜分泌生长激素释放肽的细胞数量明显减少,而腹泻型IBS(IBS-D)患者胃黏膜中该细胞数量明显增多,推测生长激素释放肽分泌细胞有助于IBS亚型的鉴别诊断。
2. 酪酪肽(PYY)、生长抑素分泌细胞:PYY、生长抑素分泌细胞广泛分布于胃肠道黏膜组织。El-Salhy等[9-10]的研究显示,IBS患者直肠PYY分泌细胞数量明显减少,而生长抑素分泌细胞数量明显增多。临床上,IBS常需与炎症性肠病(IBD)、乳糜泻、结直肠癌等鉴别。研究[11-14]显示,溃疡性结肠炎、结直肠癌、淋巴细胞性结肠炎患者的PYY分泌细胞数量无明显改变,而IBS患者的PYY分泌细胞数量显著减少,提示PYY分泌细胞数量可能有助于IBS的鉴别诊断。与健康志愿者相比,淋巴细胞性结肠炎、溃疡性结肠炎患者肠黏膜生长抑素分泌细胞数量无明显变化,而IBS患者该细胞数量增多。然而,IBS患者的血清PYY、生长抑素水平与正常对照者相比差异无统计学意义[15],提示血清PYY和生长抑素水平不能作为诊断IBS的生物学标记物,但肠黏膜PYY和生长抑素分泌细胞数量可用于鉴别IBS与其他胃肠道疾病。
3. 嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)分泌细胞:El-Salhy等[16]对203例IBS患者和86名健康志愿者的十二指肠黏膜组织行免疫组化检测,结果显示IBS组CgA分泌细胞数量明显低于正常对照组,ROC分析显示CgA分泌细胞计数诊断IBS的总体敏感性和特异性分别为89%和88%,鉴别诊断IBS各亚型的敏感性和特异性分别为:IBS-D 84%和88%,混合型IBS (IBS-M)77%和88%,IBS-C 92%和88%。尽管Sidhu等[17]的研究发现IBS患者血清CgA水平高于正常人,但El-Salhy等[18]认为IBS患者血清CgA水平对诊断IBS并无实际意义。综上所述,十二指肠黏膜组织中的CgA分泌细胞数量可作为诊断IBS的潜在生物学标记物,而血清CgA水平对诊断IBS的意义有限。
四、中性粒细胞相关炎性因子
近年研究表明,低度炎症在IBS特别是感染后IBS(PI-IBS)的发病机制中起重要作用。持续低度炎症可破坏肠黏膜上皮屏障,增加其通透性,并引起抗原过度暴露、肠黏膜刷状缘缺失,从而激活肠道免疫系统,导致炎症细胞趋化以及免疫细胞激活、增殖和功能异常,进而产生一系列胃肠道症状[19]。上述过程中,中性粒细胞发挥重要作用,因此部分中性粒细胞相关炎性因子有望成为诊断IBS的潜在生物学标记物。
1. 粪钙卫蛋白:钙卫蛋白是S100蛋白家族中的一种钙、锌结合蛋白,主要来源于中性粒细胞,当肠道发生炎症时释放入肠腔,可反映肠道内中性粒细胞的迁移,是一种非侵入性炎性标记物。IBS患者粪钙卫蛋白含量明显低于IBD患者,伴有IBS样症状的缓解期IBD患者粪钙卫蛋白含量亦高于单纯IBS,其鉴别IBS与IBD的敏感性为86%,特异性为96%[20-21]。Tibble等[22]的研究显示,粪钙卫蛋白诊断肠道器质性疾病的敏感性为89%,特异性为79%;罗马Ⅲ功能性胃肠病调查问卷诊断IBS的敏感性和特异性分别为85%和71%,两者结合可使诊断IBS的准确性达到100%。因此,粪钙卫蛋白有望作为IBS与IBD鉴别诊断的生物学标记物,但尚需大规模临床研究加以验证。
2. 粪乳铁蛋白:乳铁蛋白是一种多功能铁结合蛋白,肠道发生炎症时分泌增多,可作为中性粒细胞脱颗粒的反应的标记物。Sugi等[23]的研究显示,与中性粒细胞脱颗粒的其他蛋白分子相比,粪乳铁蛋白对鉴别IBS与IBD最有意义。粪乳铁蛋白可反映不足以引起CRP、ESR升高的肠黏膜炎症,避免将早期表现为IBS样症状的IBD诊断为IBS,从而降低误诊率[24-25]。有研究[26]表明非活动期IBD患者的粪乳铁蛋白水平较IBS患者升高。一项meta分析显示,粪乳铁蛋白鉴别IBS与IBD的平均敏感性为78%,特异性为94%[27]。然而,乳铁蛋白不具有器官特异性,黏膜上皮细胞亦可产生非炎症来源的乳铁蛋白,从而导致诊断效率降低。
3. 粪中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE):NE由活化的中性粒细胞释放,是一个反映炎症的指标。Silberer等[28]的研究表明,IBS患者的NE水平在正常范围内,单一检测NE水平不能作为诊断IBS的有效指标,但NE与钙卫蛋白、乳铁蛋白联合检测可鉴别IBS与IBD,具有较高的敏感性和特异性。研究[29-30]显示乳铁蛋白、钙卫蛋白、NE单独检测鉴别IBD与IBS的准确性分别为83.3%、87.0%和81.5%,三者联合检测并结合CRP可使诊断准确性提高至95.3%。此外,三者联合检测亦可鉴别慢性IBD与IBS以及活动性IBS与非活动性IBS。然而,上述研究的样本量较小,其结论需大样本研究加以验证。
4. 粪丙酮酸激酶-M2(M2-PK):M2-PK是一种多功能蛋白,可通过多种非糖酵解途径影响细胞生理功能,其表达水平与粪钙卫蛋白显著相关,可作为鉴别IBS与IBD的生物学标记物,鉴别诊断的临界值为3.7 U/mL[31-32]。Jeffery等[33]的研究指出,M2-PK鉴别器质性肠病与功能性肠病的敏感性和特异性分别为67%和88%,与粪乳铁蛋白、粪钙卫蛋白相比,M2-PK具有更好的结构效度和预测效度,但其敏感性和特异性较差。
5. 粪基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9):MMP是一类钙离子和锌离子依赖的内肽酶,具有介导细胞外基质降解、组织重塑、促进肿瘤侵袭和转移、调节宿主防御反应等功能。MMP-9主要由中性粒细胞分泌,其水平与粪钙卫蛋白呈正相关[34]。Annaházi等[35]的研究发现,与IBD患者相比,IBS患者和正常人粪便中MMP-9含量明显降低。MMP-9鉴别IBS与IBD的临界值为0.245 ng/mL,敏感性和特异性分别为85%和100%。目前相关研究的样本量均较小,其应用价值有待后期行大样本研究加以明确。
6. 粪人β-防御素-2(HBD-2):HBD-2是人体中第一个被发现的可诱导性表达的防御素,主要来源于皮肤角质细胞、黏膜上皮细胞,在皮肤、黏膜的固有免疫反应中发挥重要作用。HBD-2在肠道组织中的产生依赖于肠道微生物活动,且不表达于正常结肠组织中[36]。尽管IBS患者肠道组织在内镜下无炎症表现,但粪便中HBD-2含量显著高于健康志愿者,提示IBS患者肠黏膜组织存在炎症反应[37]。然而,HBD-2是否可作为诊断IBS的生物学标记物,尚需进一步研究。
五、结语
由于IBS的病因和发病机制复杂,确诊需行排除性检查,增加了患者的经济负担以及躯体痛苦,因此亟待寻找有效的特异性生物学标记物用于诊断。除上文所述指标外,血清炎性因子如IL-9、神经激肽受体1(NK-1R)、血清皮质醇等亦受到广泛关注[38],此外有学者提出蛋白质组学分析对寻找诊断IBS的生物学标记物具有重要价值[39],但该项技术目前仍在研究中。未来随着诊断技术的发展,将会有特异而有效的生物学标记物应用于IBS的临床诊断。
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(2015-12-27收稿;2016-01-07修回)
Potential Biomarkers for Clinical Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
LUOHesheng1,RENHaixia1,ZHANGFacan2,LIANGLiexin2,ZHANGGuo2.
1DepartmentofGastroenterology,RenminHospitalofWuhanUniversity,Wuhan(430060);2DepartmentofGastroenterology,thePeople’sHospitalofGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion,Nanning
ZHANG Facan, Email: zhangfacan@126.com
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional intestinal disease with the main clinical manifestations of abdominal pain/discomfort and changes of bowel habit and fecal character. The etiology and pathogenic mechanism of IBS are not fully clarified, which makes difficulties in the diagnosis. Currently, the diagnosis of IBS is mainly based on clinical symptoms, and missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis can occur easily. With the advances in basic and clinical research, various potential biomarkers of IBS have attracted more and more attention. This article reviewed the potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis of IBS.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Diagnosis, Differential; Biological Markers; Endocrine Cells
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2016.09.013
*本文通信作者,Email: zhangfacan@126.com