HLA-G与病毒感染
2016-01-26许惠惠林爱芬颜卫华
许惠惠 林爱芬 颜卫华
317000临海,温州医科大学附属浙江省台州医院
HLA-G与病毒感染
许惠惠 林爱芬 颜卫华
317000临海,温州医科大学附属浙江省台州医院
人类白细胞抗原-G(Human Leukocyte Antigen G,HLA-G)属于非经典的HLA-I类分子,最早发现表达在母胎界面的绒毛外滋养层细胞。相对于经典的HLA-I类分子,HLA-G具有独特的启动子区域、基因多态性有限、严格的组织分布及递呈抗原种类不多等特点[1]。近年来,免疫耐受分子HLA-G与病毒感染的关系得到了广泛的研究,其基因多态性与病毒易感性相关,病毒感染可诱导HLA-G表达或刺激可溶性HLA-G、IL-10以及干扰素分泌等;形成多种免疫调控机制诱导病毒逃逸机体的免疫监视及防御功能。本文就HLA-G在病毒感染中的研究进展作一综述。
Fund programs:Nationa1 Natura1 Science Foundation of China(31370920);Hea1th Bureau of Zhejiang Province(2015KYB438).
1 HLA-G分子结构和受体
HLA-G基因是1987年由Geraghty等[2]首次发现并成功克隆,该基因全长6.0 kb,位于人染色体6p21.3;与HLA-E、HLA-F同属于非经典的HLA-I类分子。HLA-G基因结构含8个外显子和7个内含子,其基因序列与经典的HLA-I类(包括HLAA、-B和HLA-C)同源性高达86%。由于HLA-G基因第6号外显子中存在一个终止密码子,从而导致HLA-G抗原仅含6个氨基酸的短胞浆尾(RKKSSD)。HLA-G初始转录物经选择性剪接编码产生7种异构体,分别为HLA-G1~-G4四种膜结合型及HLA-G5~-G7三种可溶性抗原。此外,可溶性HLA-G1(shed HLA-G1,sHLA-G1)是由于蛋白酶水解膜结合型HLA-G1跨膜肽链脱落形成[3]。HLA-G抗原通过与其受体(ILT2、ILT4和KIR2DL4等)相互作用,一方面可直接发挥免疫抑制功能,如抑制NK细胞和CTL介导的细胞杀伤活性,抑制B细胞分化和DC细胞成熟等;另一方面,可诱导产生Tr1细胞、DC-10等调节性细胞及 IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ等细胞因子间接发挥长效的免疫抑制效应[4]。
2 HLA-G基因多态性与病毒易感性
迄今,已发现50个HLA-G等位基因,仅可编码16种氨基酸序列不同的HLA-G分子(http://h1a. a11e1es.org/data/h1a-g.htm1)。不同种族人群HLA-G基因多态性对病毒易感性具有差异,如HLA-G∗01:04:04等位基因增加了肯尼亚Pumwani地区女性性工作者HIV感染风险,HLA-G∗01:01:01等位基因则相反[5];HLA-G∗01:01:08等位基因增加了非洲女性HIV-1感染风险,HLA-G∗01:05N则相反[6];但意大利东北部女性HLA-G∗01:05N等位基因却增加了HIV-1感染风险[7]。另外,HLA-G 14 bp插入和+3142G在非洲HIV感染者中具有较高的等位基因频率,而同时感染HCV的非洲艾滋病患者中+14 bp/+14 bp基因型频率较高[8];津巴布韦HIV感染者中-14 bp/-14 bp基因型含病毒拷贝数较+14 bp/+14 bp基因型者显著增加,CD4+T细胞数目较低,死亡率相对较高[9]。患艾滋病孕妇中+ 14 bp/+14 bp基因型与围产期HIV病毒垂直传播风险无关,HLA-G∗ 01:03等位基因在围产期将HIV-1病毒垂直传播至胎儿的几率很低[10],而HLA-G∗01:01:02等位基因和+3187G SNP位点在围产期将HIV-1病毒垂直传播至胎儿的几率显著升高[11]。另有研究显示,单独+3010C SNP位点与HIV病毒垂直传播风险无关,但与14 bp缺失等位基因连锁后,表现出对HIV病毒垂直传播有保护作用[12]。
HLA-G基因型对不同种病毒易感性也存在差异。Martinetti等[13]研究指出-14 bp/-14 bp基因型和HLA-G∗01:04:01(该等位基因14 bp缺失)孕妇在围产期易发生HCV垂直传播,而HLA-G∗01:05N(该等位基因14 bp插入)则降低HCV垂直传播风险。HLA-G多态性也影响镰状细胞症患者对HCV病毒的感染风险,+3142C/C基因型可降低HCV感染率,由于+3142C等位基因可增加HLA-G分子表达,从而降低了病毒感染。HLA-G 3′UTR 14 bp多态性在韩国慢性HBV感染者和肝癌患者之间的基因频率无显著差异[14];但与病毒DNA拷贝数密切相关[15-17]。研究发现,慢性肝炎患者中 +14 bp/+14 bp基因型感染者血清中HBV病毒DNA拷贝数显著高于-14 bp/-14 bp、+14 bp/-14 bp基因型[15];但在hCMV感染者中的基因型分布却刚好相反,中国儿童-14 bp/-14 bp基因型感染者尿液中hCMV病毒DNA拷贝数显著高于+14 bp/+14 bp基因型;14 bp缺失等位基因对hCMV病毒易感[17]。
加拿大蒙特利尔人群中研究发现,HLA-G∗01:01:02和HLA-G∗01:01:08等位基因女性对致癌型HPV16易感,而HLA-G∗01:01:02和HLA-G∗01:03等位基因则增强了 HPV16持续性感染状态[18];除了性伴侣数目,HLA-G∗01:01:03和HLAG∗01:01:05等位基因易使加拿大女性处于长期的HPV多重感染[19]。另有研究发现14 bp插入,+ 1537C,HLA-G∗01:01,HLA-G∗01:04和HLA-G ∗01:06等位基因与高度宫颈鳞状上皮内病变和宫颈癌有关;而HLA-G 14 bp缺失和+3142C等位基因是具有保护功能的遗传因子[20,21]。
3 病毒感染与HLA-G表达及其机制
3.1人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus,HIV) HIV-1感染者外周单核细胞、T淋巴细胞均诱导HLA-G分子表达;HLA-G+调节性T细胞数目增加,该细胞具有免疫抑制功能,与艾滋病疾病进程相关[22]。同时,HIV-1感染者血浆中可溶性HLA-G(sHLA-G)含量较健康对照组显著升高,sHLA-G通过ILT4受体抑制髓系树突状细胞的抗原提呈能力,并刺激炎性细胞因子的分泌[23]。AIDS患者通过高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(high1y active antiretrovira1 therapy,HAART)后,表达HLA-G的单核细胞数量明显上升,停止治疗后此类单核细胞数量逐渐减少[24];而患者血清中sHLA-G含量经抗病毒治疗后却显著下降[25]。Rivero等[26]指出,AIDS患者经 HAART治疗后,核苷逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTIs)参与了单核细胞膜结合型HLA-G1抗原的表达调控,而病毒感染微环境因素(如蛋白酶大量分泌等)可导致HLA-G1抗原从细胞膜脱落形成可溶性HLA-G1(sHLA-G1),增加了可溶性HLA-G含量[25]。上述研究指出,sHLA-G血清学水平可作为检测AIDS患者的病毒学应答和免疫学重建的分子指标。
HIV病毒编码的Nef蛋白可选择性与HLAI类抗原的胞浆尾结合,下调HLAI类分子在细胞膜表面表达;由于HLA-G短的胞浆尾,Nef蛋白不直接参与HLA-G蛋白表达[27]。但是,Nef蛋白可通过上调单核细胞表达IL-10,从而间接调控HLA-G表达,同时增加了血清sHLA-G分泌水平[28]。MicroRNA(如hsa-miR-148a、-148b、-152等)与 HLA-G基因的3′非翻译区结合,形成沉默复合体并降解 HLA-G mRNA。分析HIV-1感染者miRNA表达谱的变化,找寻与HLA-G基因序列相结合的多态性位点,可控制艾滋病疾病进程[29]。
3.2甲型流感病毒(influenza A viruses,IAV)在体外,通过多种IAV病毒感染肺泡上皮细胞系,首次发现HLA-G蛋白诱导性表达在肺泡细胞[30]。在体内,sHLA-G在IAV感染者外周血清中的含量未见明显变化;而HLA-G在甲型H1N1或季节性甲型H1N1感染者外周单核细胞、T细胞均诱导性表达上调;进一步分析后发现,甲型H1N1感染者外周的CD4+CD25+FoxP3+T(Treg)细胞中HLA-G表达上调[31]。因此,深入研究膜结合型HLA-G分子在Treg细胞中诱导表达的免疫学机制,对进一步了解HLA-G在IAV病毒感染的生物学作用,具有重要意义。
3.3人巨细胞病毒(Human Cytomegalovirus,hCMV) 急性hCMV感染者外周单核细胞表面HLA-G蛋白以及血浆中sHLA-G、IL-10和IFN-γ表达水平均显著增加[32]。病毒感染者体内蛋白酶大量分泌,易使膜结合型 HLA-G1分子脱落形成sHLA-G1,而HLA-G1在IL-10细胞因子刺激下可诱导性表达,其表达水平与IL-10含量相关[33]。病毒感染上调细胞内HLA-G表达,进而递呈hCMV pp65蛋白(UL83)抗原肽至细胞膜,诱导机体产生pp65抗原特异性的CTL反应,但由于HLA-G抗原的免疫耐受特性,致使CTL溶胞能力受限。由于HLA-G较短的胞浆尾,hCMV编码的US2蛋白可下调膜结合型HLA-G表达,但不影响sHLA-G含量;US11蛋白不参与HLA-G表达调控。US3蛋白影响细胞内HLA-G重链折叠,US6阻断抗原提呈相关转运蛋白(TAP)的抗原转运过程,从而抑制HLA-G抗原递呈过程[34]。
3.4乙型和丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV;hepatitis C virus,HCV) 乙型肝炎患者外周血单核细胞和调节性T细胞[35]、肝脏组织的肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞[36]均诱导表达HLA-G蛋白;同时,患者血浆中sHLA-G含量较正常对照组显著升高。进一步分析后发现,慢性乙型肝炎患者较急性患者外周血sHLA-G分泌水平高,但在疾病恢复期sHLA-G浓度可回到正常生理水平[37,38]。
丙型肝炎患者HCV感染的肝脏微环境中HLAG也诱导表达上调[39],患者血浆中sHLA-G含量较正常对照组显著升高,与血清中IL-10和IFN-γ分泌水平成正相关[40,41];患者的肥大细胞具有表达HLA-G和分泌IL-10或I型干扰素的功能,且HLAG+肥大细胞的数目与肝脏组织的纤维化面积相关[42]。HLA-G、IL-10等免疫调节分子释放使Th1/ Th2平衡向Th2偏移,机体细胞免疫功能受抑制;通过Pegα-2α-IFN联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎,无应答组患者血浆中sHLA-G、IL-10含量较应答组和正常对照组显著升高;结果显示HLA-G和IL-10细胞因子在抗病毒治疗过程发挥重要作用[41]。
3.5人乳头瘤病毒(Human Papillomavirus,HPV) 持续性感染HPV病毒是引起宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)和宫颈癌的主要病因,病毒感染诱导HLA-G表达上调可能是HPV病毒逃避宿主免疫监视的有效机制。研究发现在宫颈组织中HLA-G表达量从宫颈癌前病变发展到癌变是循序渐进的过程[43,44]。上述研究提示,宫颈癌前病变组织中的HLA-G可作为预测宫颈癌发生的一项诊断指标。
巴西库里提巴地区人群中研究HLA-G基因启动子的甲基化修饰与HPV病毒易感性以及宫颈组织病变进程的关系,结果显示HLA-G启动子区去甲基化在重度宫颈上皮内瘤变CIN2/3组与轻度CIN1组差异不明显。提示在宫颈癌发生过程HLA-G并非通过启动子去甲基化发挥免疫监视[45]。
3.6肠病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71) 肠道病毒71型(EV71),常引起儿童手足口病、病毒性咽峡炎、脑干脑炎(brain stem encepha1itis,BE)和肺水肿(pu1monary edema,PE)等疾病。研究发现,在EV71型病毒引起肺水肿患者外周血单核细胞上调表达HLA-G分子,血浆中sHLA-G、IL-10及IL-6分泌水平增加[46]。在EV71型病毒引起严重手足口病儿童中研究发现,患者外周血血浆中sHLA-G含量显著增加[47]。
3.7其他病毒 通过病毒感染人神经元细胞系后,发现狂犬病病毒(RABV)感染的细胞主要诱导HLA-G1分子表达,而单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-1)感染者主要诱导HLA-G3和HLA-G5表达,两者均上调了培养液中IFN-β和IFN-γ细胞因子分泌增加,并诱导了邻近未感染病毒的细胞激活了HLA-G蛋白的表达[48]。病毒感染机体可通过多种机制诱导免疫耐受分子HLA-G表达或sHLA-G分泌,并改变感染微环境细胞因子表达谱,是病毒逃逸宿主免疫监视的有效手段。因此,监测HLA-G分子的表达情况有助于制定有效的抗病毒治疗方案。
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Human 1eukocyte antigen-G(HLA-G)is a non-c1assica1 HLA c1ass I mo1ecu1e,characterized by 1ow DNA po1ymorphism and by its 1imited tissue distribution under norma1 physio1ogica1 conditions.Recent1y,HLA-G po1ymorphisms have now been reported to be invo1ved in vira1 infectious diseases;and the interference of vira1 proteins with HLA-G intrace11u1ar trafficking or IL-10,interferon secretion have been described to modu1ate HLA-G expression during infections.In this review,we summarize the features of HLA-G expression by type of infections detai1ing the state of know1edge for each pathogenic agent.
国家自然科学基金(31370920);浙江省医药卫生科技计划项目(2015KYB438)
颜卫华,E-mai1:yanwhcom@yahoo.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9279.2016.02.033
2015-01-13)