让标准更好地响应社会与市场需求

近日， ASTM国际标准组织执行副总裁莫开翎（Katharine E. Morgan）女士、国际合作事务副总裁沈睿莎（Teresa J.Cendrowska）女士一行专程访问了上海市质量和标准化研究院。双方就中国标准化改革与发展、标准化重点发展领域等问题交换了意见，并针对未来的合作领域、合作方式与合作前景进行了探讨。访问期间，莫开翎女士接受了本刊独家专访。

In September 18th 2015, the executive vice president of ASTM International Katharine E. Morgan and vice president for global cooperation of ASTM International Teresa J.Cendrowska et al. visited Shanghai Institute of Quality and Standardization. Both sides exchanged views on issues of standardization reform and development in China and the main development fields, discussed the areas, methods and prospects of the cooperation in future.During the visit, katharine E.Morgan received the interview ofQuality and Standardization.

Katharine E. Morgan is the executive vice president of ASTM International.In October 2014, she was unanimously chosen by ASTM's board of directors to succeed James A. Thomas as president in 2017. In 1984, Morgan began her career at ASTM supervising the standards development work of several technical committees. In 1990, she rose to become a director, overseeing several managers and their respective committees.Morgan was named general manager of the Technical Committee Support department in 2001. She oversaw several areas, including symposia, workshops, international activities, committee services,meeting services, and contract management services. In 2007, Morgan was appointed vice president of Technical Committee Operations.

She is a member of the American National Standards Institute's Organizational Member Forum, and the Society for Standards Professionals (SES).

莫开翎于2015年成为执行副总裁，由董事会选举将于2017年接任ASTM现总裁唐建思（James A.Thomas）。1984年，莫开翎从监管多个ASTM技术委员会的标准制定工作开始了其在ASTM的职业生涯。她于1990年升任主任一职，负责监管多位技术委员会经理及其所负责的技术委员会。2001年，她被任命为技术委员会支持部的总经理，负责多领域的监管工作，包括研讨会、学术会、国际活动、委员会服务、会议服务和合同管理服务。2007年担任技术委员会运营事务副总裁。

莫开翎还是ANSI 组织成员论坛、美国标准专业人员学会（SES）的成员。

Quality and Standardization：We understand that you have beenengaged to supervise the standards development work of severaltechnical committees since 1990s, gaining more than 30 years ofexperience in strategic management in ASTM. And you are beingrecognized as one of the respected leaders in the global standardscommunity. Therefore, we would like to invite you to share youropinion on how to enhance the role of standards, including ASTMstandards, far and wide, with the background of this ever-changingworld we are in.

Katharine E. Morgan：The role of standards is enhanced when they respond to need. I believe we must continue to develop and deliver standards based on merit—standards of high quality,relevance and effectiveness. To do this, ASTM uses a wellregarded, inclusive process for developing standards that engages technical experts from around the world. We must continue to ensure low cost and open access participation in technical committees and meetings as well as process that is robust, fair and nimble with electronic tools to assist the experts in accomplishing their work.

ASTM has impact across a wide range of sectors of which several are relevant to China such as environmental standards, steel,petroleum, medical devices, sports equipment, amusement parks and aviation. Another way to enhance the role of standards,including ASTM standards, is to help those developing standards,impacted by them and using standards as tools for technical, social or economic solutions to understand their development, be aware of them, and comprehend their value. We do this through training and information sharing in many forums.

Another way ASTM is enhancing the role of standards is to provide value added products and services that enable and enhance the standard's effective use and application. To complement its standards, ASTM has is very excited to expand its portfolio of training, proficiency testing and certification programs and to provide one stop access to standards and technical information through our innovative delivery platform "COMPASS".

We must continue to work closely with our stakeholders to understand their needs and to do all that is necessary to meet their expectations. The future will be exciting and challenging as we work to enhance our capabilities to provide outstanding service to a membership base that is global and that demands efficiency. I am confident that ASTM International is properly positioned to meet these challenges.

本刊记者：我们知道，早在上世纪90年代，您就开始监管技术委员会的标准制定工作，至今已拥有三十多年ASTM战略和管理经验。作为全球标准社区受人尊敬的领导人，如何在新时期更好地发挥标准的作用，您有什么观点可以跟我们分享？

莫开翎：标准在响应社会与市场需求的过程中作用也随之加强。我认为，我们必须继续基于价值来制定和传递标准，保持标准的高质量、市场相关性和有效性。为此, ASTM采用了一种普遍认可、广泛包容的标准制定流程，吸引了来自世界各地的技术专家参与到ASTM标准制定工作中来。我们必须继续确保专家们可以以开放、低成本的方式参与ASTM技术委员会的活动、会议以及标准制修订流程，这个流程稳定、公平、灵活，并且有一些在线电子工具可以帮助专家们开展工作。

ASTM在许多领域具有广泛的影响力，其中，有一些领域与中国的发展密切相关，例如：环境、钢铁、石油、医疗器械、运动器材、游乐园以及航空等。要更好发挥包括ASTM标准在内的各种标准的作用，还有一种方式，即帮助那些制定标准的、受到标准影响的，以及把标准作为解决技术、社会或经济问题手段的人们，使他们了解标准的制定过程、知晓标准的存在并理解标准的价值。在这方面，ASTM的做法是开展培训并在众多论坛上进行交流与分享。

ASTM的另一种做法是向人们提供增值产品与服务，从而实现和促进对ASTM标准的高效使用和有效应用。在开展标准制修订工作以外，ASTM还积极拓展自身的培训、能力验证以及认证业务领域，以期通过我们的（标准指南针）平台，向人们提供一站式标准与技术信息服务。

我们必须继续与我们的利益相关方紧密合作，了解他们的需求，并采取一切必要措施达到他们的期望。我们正在努力提高自身能力，以便向分散在全球各地的ASTM会员群体提供优质、高效的服务。未来既令人向往又充满挑战，但我相信，ASTM国际组织已做好了充分的准备来应对这些挑战。

本刊记者：中国已经成为具有世界影响力的重要经济体，近年来对标准的重视和需求也与日俱增。ASTM的愿景是“优化世界运转”，您觉得中国这个具有高速成长性的市场，对ASTM意味着什么？

莫开翎：我希望这意味着机遇。我鼓励中国政府和各行业把ASTM作为帮助他们在全球市场提升竞争力的战略合作伙伴。标准为协助公共和私人领域的相关各方去解决与健康、安全、环境保护、质量及市场准入密切相关的经济、科技及社会的问题提供了一个通用的语言。当中国意识到在标准化改革和工作中赋予民营企业更多促进标准发展的责任的重要性时, ASTM为中国提供了一个如何制定国际标准的思路和合伙人的模式。如果中国不参与相关行业、技术和法规的标准制定，中国将错失影响大局、提高创新能力以及为产品拓展市场的机会。一些中国专家已经致力于学习这套程序，成为ASTM技术委员会工作组或分委会主席。这些工作能使中国的技术能力适应市场。我希望中国政府和技术专家继续学习和参与ASTM的标准化工作。

Quality and Standardization：As one of the main economicentities in the world with increasing influence, China has beenattaching more and more importance to both standards andstandardization in the recent years. Requirements on advancedinternational standards are rising relevantly.Since ASTM hasasserted the mission of "Helping our world work better", what doyou think the growing market with a high speed in China means toASTM?

Katharine E. Morgan：I hope it means opportunity. I'd encourage Chinese industry and government to consider ASTM as a strategic partner that can help them to be competitive in a global market.Standards provide a common language to assist all interested parties, both public and private sector, to address economic,technical and societal issues related to health, safety, environmental protection, quality and market access. As China considers important standardization reform and works to assign more responsibility for standards development to private enterprises, ASTM offers a model for China's consideration and partnership in international standards development. If China is not participating in the development of standards that are relevant to its industries, technologies and regulations, it misses the chance to influence content, promote its Chinese technical expertise in knowledge and innovation, and access markets for its products. Some Chinese experts have already committed to learning the process and have become task group and subcommittee chairs in ASTM TCs. Their work is making Chinese technical expertise more market relevant. I hope China and its technical experts will continue to learn about and participate in the ASTM process.

本刊记者：作为ASTM在国内最早的合作伙伴，SIS始终致力于搭建中国用户与ASTM之间的良好交流和沟通平台。您觉得，将来如何才能把握时机、乘风借势，促进ASTM和包括SIS在内的中国合作伙伴共同成长，更好地为中国的高速发展提供标准化支撑？

莫开翎：依靠三万名来自世界各地的技术专家，ASTM确保了它的标准技术优势和市场相关性。为了帮助中国撬动其自身市场的优势和资源，ASTM需要尽一切可能去鼓励中国专家走进ASTM。中国正处于一个有利的阶段去影响和制定ASTM标准，从而为中国产品和服务拓展更广阔的国内外市场。中国也着手于教授大学生将标准化作为提高自身竞争力的工具。ASTM通过以下途径与中国政府机构及各行业交流并提供协助。

· 美国和中国的员工及合作伙伴SAC、CNIS和SIS

· 到中国开展商务访问或参与会展的ASTM技术专家会员

· 到中国参加会议的ASTM技术专家会员

· 通过ASTM活跃会员中的中国专家分享经验

· ASTM培训项目（网络工具、虚拟培训、学术项目和MOU合作的特别培训项目）

所有这些机会都能够拓宽中国专家对如何影响ASTM标准内容及会员价值的理解。ASTM会员结构就是一个全球网络，拥有技术同行、客户和竞争者。我们看到，技术委员会名册中有越来越多的中国参与者并在委员会中担任领导职务，也收到越来越多中国专家提交的新工作项目及修订的提议。目前，有602位中国专家活跃在ASTM 145个技术委员会中的99个委员会。59位中国学生已加入ASTM成为学生会员。根据2004年与SAC签署的MOU中的年度报告显示，中国已使用1 045项ASTM标准，其中等效采用了400项标准，参考了56项标准，使用了526项标准作为中国国家标准的基础，有31项标准被引用到中国法规，有25项标准被引用到规范条例。

Quality and Standardization：Standardization：As one of the oldest partners ofASTM in China, SIS has been devoted to building a platform forASTM to communicate with users from China all along. In theinterest of promoting the common development of ASTM and yourcooperative partners in China including SIS, and thereby to betterprovide the standardization support for the China's high-speeddevelopment, how will ASTM seize the opportunity in time andleverage the strengths and resources of China's market?

Katharine E. Morgan：ASTM relies on its 30,000 technical experts from around the world to ensure technical excellence and market relevance in ASTM standards. To leverage the strengths and resources of China's market, ASTM needs to do all possible to encourage Chinese experts to engage ASTM. China is in a good position to provide input and influence in the development of ASTM standards which can serve the domestic and international markets for Chinese goods and services. China is also embracing the task of educating its university students about standardization as a competitive tool. ASTM has great opportunities to interact with and assist Chinese industry and government through:

· our staff in the US and China as well as our partners SAC, CNIS and SIS

· ASTM technical members who visit China for business or participate in exhibits and conference

· ASTM technical committees holding meetings in China

· Chinese experts who are already active ASTM member sharing their experiences

· various ASTM training programs (on-line tools, virtual training,academic programs, and special training programs available to MOU partners)

All of these opportunities broaden Chinese experts' understanding of how to influence the content of ASTM standards and the value of membership which includes a global network of technical peers, customers and competitors. We have seen more Chinese participation within ASTM technical committee rosters and leadership and more Chinese-initiated proposals for new work items and revisions. Currently there are 602 Chinese experts participating in 99 of ASTM's 145 technical committees; 59 student members have also joined ASTM from China. Based on the annual report, which is provided under the MOU signed with SAC in 2004, we have reports which document the use of 1,045 ASTM standards by China. This includes over 400 adoptions, 56 standards which were consulted, 526 that are used as a basis for China's national standards, 31 which are referenced in Chinese regulation, and 25 that are normatively referenced.

I believe China has begun to understand how to leverage its strength and resources in ASTM International. ASTM is committed to help support and increase this trend.

Quality and Standardization：SIS always pays much attentionto protection of the copyright of standards. In fact, SIS had madeefforts specifically, from the copyright owners' standpoint, toreview the possible risks of copyright infringement in standardsinformation services and avoid them by making adjustmentto service offerings and information systems to complywith intellectual property policies. In order to make thingseasier, would you please keep us informed about the recentdevelopment of ASTM copyright protection policy, and as wellASTM's marketing plans concerning standards and relevantproducts?

Katharine E. Morgan：As the use of the Internet increases,so does copyright infringement, and today it occurs on a grand,international scale. In areas with no political will or effective enforcement to halt it, the illegal reproduction and sale of digitized intellectual property, aptly termed piracy, has risen to new heights. A few years ago, we could identify five or six websites a year that sold ASTM standards illegally. Now we can identify five or six a week. Unfortunately, China is one of the most challenging areas for ASTM with a high volume of ASTM IP and licensing violations. ASTM has taken steps to protect its intellectual property through various elements of digital rights management. ASTM has even retained local counsel in foreign jurisdictions to pursue additional actions against infringers where appropriate. ASTM is dependent upon support from Chinese government and our business partners in China including CNIS, SIS and SAC. Their "boots on the ground" effort to dismantle unauthorized online networks is critical if we are to have any meaningful impact in addressing the problem.

我认为，中国已开始懂得如何在ASTM发挥自身优势并利用自身资源。ASTM必当竭诚相助，增强这股势头。

本刊记者：SIS十分关注标准的版权保护，对提供标准文献服务过程中可能涉及的版权风险，进行过重点分析和评估。我们想知道，ASTM在后续版权保护方面有哪些具体措施？下一阶段，对于标准及衍生产品的开发和销售，又有哪些计划？

莫开翎：随着互联网的普及，侵犯版权的现象也日益猖獗，如今已形成一个大规模的世界性现象。在一些没有政治意愿和有效执行机制去阻止侵权的领域，非法复制、销售数字化知识产权，即盗版，已经猖狂到了一个新的境地。多年前，我们一年发现五六个非法销售ASTM标准的网站。如今，我们每周都能发现五六个这样的网站。不幸的是，中国是ASTM最受挑战的地方之一，因为这里还大量存在侵犯ASTM版权和许可协议的违规行为。通过数字版权管理，ASTM已经采取了保护知识产权的措施。ASTM雇用国外政府管辖区的地方律师在必要时采用多重力量打击侵权者。ASTM也迫切希望得到中国政府和包括CNIS、SIS和SAC等商务合作伙伴的帮助。如果我们想有力解决此问题，那么关键一点就是要通过他们“地面部队”式的努力去关闭这些未经授权的网站。

Quality and Standardization：In the next stage of ourcooperation, SIS hopes to work together with ASTM to furtherintegrate both parties' advantaged resources, deepen thecooperation, enlarge the cooperative effect, and then promote thework like the study on the comparison of standards in servingforeign trade. What will you suggest on it?

Katharine E. Morgan：ASTM believes that there are opportunities for Chinese stakeholders and ASTM to collaborate more closely to assist Chinese industry and government with standardization objectives in support of enhanced growth, safety and prosperity. Increased use of standards within Chinese enterprises will open market access, provide economies of scale,encourage innovation, increase credibility and reliability and advance technical developments and initiatives. There are value added products that can be explored as future collaboration efforts between SIS and ASTM that will complement the standards portfolio – products such as training programs to help implement standards as well as certification and certificate programs to ensure compliance to requirements, attributes or skillsets. ASTM has converted its full portfolio of standards to XML enabling more sophisticated tagging and extraction of data within standards that can be used to create derivative products that help organizations apply the standards in their operations and work flows. We have just started to have some discussions with SIS about the feasibility of generating comparison documents when multiple standards exist for a given area to assist industry with understanding the requirements of different markets.Finally, once standards are identified and how they are applied is understood, enterprises have the ongoing challenge of keeping pace with changes to standards. Here again, I believe ASTM can be of great help. Today, using new web based tools, standards can be managed and maintained with much more speed and efficiency than ever before. Promoting greater use of COMPASS in China, ensuring strict compliance with copyright and licensing agreements, is another area in which ASTM and SIS can collaborate.

本刊记者：在下一阶段的合作中，SIS希望携手ASTM进一步整合优势资源、深化合作范围、扩大合作效应，推进“服务对外贸易的标准比对研究”等工作，您对此有什么建议？

莫开翎：ASTM会有许多与来自中国的利益相关方紧密合作的机会，从而协助中国政府和产业实现促进经济增长、安全、国家繁荣昌盛的标准化目标。标准在中国企业的应用普及将打开市场准入的通道，实现规模经济，激励创新，提升信用和可靠性，促进技术开发和创新能力。增值产品可作为未来SIS和ASTM合作的方向，它能够补足标准组合——产品，比如培训项目，有助于标准执行；认证项目，能够确保产品和人员技能符合认证要求。ASTM把标准组合转化为XML，更复杂的标记和在标准中的数据提炼能够用于创造出帮助企业在经营过程中使用标准的衍生产品。我们和SIS探讨过形式特定领域存在的多重标准的对比文件的可执行性，希望通过此文件可以帮助各行业熟悉不同市场的要求。最后，一旦企业了解标准及标准的使用，他们将面临一个持续性的任务，即跟踪标准动态信息。在这方面，我坚信ASTM会提供很大的帮助。今天，通过使用网络工具，标准较之以前能够得到更快速有效的管理维护。促进“标准指南针”（COMPASS）在中国的使用，确保版权和许可协议的严格合规也将是ASTM同SIS开展合作的另一领域。