过去完成时用法初探
2015-12-26鞠洪玲
□鞠洪玲
过去完成时用法初探
□鞠洪玲
【语法解读】
定义:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。
构成:过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成,其中had通用于各种人称。如:
He had finished his homework before I went to see him.在我去看他前他就做完作业了。
They had learned ten English songs by the end of this month.到这个月底为止,他们已经学了10首英语歌了。
【如何判断过去完成时】
1.由时间状语来判定。
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
(1)by+过去的时间点。如:
I had worked out ten math problems by nine o’clock last night.到昨晚九点为止,我算出了10道数学题。
(2)by the end of+过去的时间点。如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止,我们学了两千多个英语单词。
(3)before+过去的时间点。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last month.上个月前,他们种了六百棵树。
2.由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:
(1)宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。如:
She said that she had read the book before.她说以前读过这本书。
He told me that he had been there before.他告诉我说以前他去过那里。
(2)状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
When I got to the airport,the plane had already left.当我到达机场时,飞机已经起飞了。
After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.他做完作业后就去睡觉了。
注意:before,after引导的时间状语从句中,由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如:
Where did you go before you came here?你在来这里之前去哪儿了?
(3)表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,sup⁃pose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”如:
We had hoped that you would buy me a house,but you didn’t.我们是多么希望你能给我买栋房子,但是你却没有。
3.根据上、下文来判定。
I met Jim in the street yesterday.We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.我昨天在街上遇见吉姆了,自从他去了北京,我们彼此就没见过。
【用法展示】
1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。如:
When I woke up,he had left.我醒来时,他已经走了。(主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”)
2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如:
粘液腺囊肿需要与血管瘤、早期粘液表面样癌和粘液腺癌相区别。血管瘤是一种闭合性腔隙,受到压力时血液进入血管,体积可缩小,色泽变浅,触诊无波动感,刺穿内容物为血性。早期粘液表面样癌和粘液腺癌多发生在腭、颊粘膜以及上唇等部位,通常基底与周围组织粘连,较硬,存在实质性肿块。粘液腺囊肿具有以下几点特征:
He told me that he had written a new book.他告诉我说,他写了一本新书。(had written发生在told之前)
3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already,yet,still,just,before,never等时间副词及by,before,until等引导的短语或从句连用。如:
Before she came to China,her father had taught English in a mid⁃dle school for about five years.在她来中国之前,她爸爸在一所中学教了大约5年的英语。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
Lily said that she hadn’t finished her homework yet.莉莉说她还没做完作业。
4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。如:
By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twenty years.(had worked已有了20年,还有继续进行下去的可能)
【过去完成时与一般过去时的区别】
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:
1.时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.昨天10点钟前他们到达了车站。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.他们在10点钟到达的车站。
2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如:
Shewasveryhappy.Herfamilywerepleasedwithher,too.She had just won the first in the composition.她很高兴,她的家人也很高兴,她在英语竞赛中获得第一名。
3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在before,after,as soon as引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如:
He went into the room,turned on the light and read an evening pa⁃per.他进了房间,打开灯,读起了晚报。
I(had)called her before I left the office.我在离开办公室前给她打了电话。
【学以致用】
Ⅰ.单项选择
1.What________Jane________by the time he was seven?
A.did,do B.has,done C.did,did D.had,done
2.By the time my parents reached home yesterday,I________the dinner already.
A.had cooked B.cooked
C.have cooked D.was cooked
3.She said she________the film already.
A.has seen B.saw C.will see D.had seen
4.Jim turned off the lights and then________the classroom.
A.was left B.had left C.has left D.left
5.He________in the factory for three years before he joined the army.
A.has worked B.works
C.had worked D.will work
参考答案:1.D 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.C