Relationships between Application Amount of Quicklime and Soil Nutrients，Flue-cured Tobacco Quality in Panzhihua City

Xingbing PAN，Zongjin ZHANG，Liangyu PANG，Yu GUAN，Ying WANG

1.Panzhihua Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company，Panzhihua 617026，China；

2.Soil and Fertilizer Institute，Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Chengdu 610000，China

Relationships between Application Amount of Quicklime and Soil Nutrients，Flue-cured Tobacco Quality in Panzhihua City

Xingbing PAN1，Zongjin ZHANG1，Liangyu PANG2*，Yu GUAN2，Ying WANG2

1.Panzhihua Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company，Panzhihua 617026，China；

2.Soil and Fertilizer Institute，Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Chengdu 610000，China

［Objective］This study aimed to investigate the improving effect of quicklime on acid soil in tobacco-growing areas in Panzhihua City.［Method］The effects of four application amounts （450，900，1 350 and 1 800 kg/hm2）of quicklime on soil nutrients and flue-cured tobacco quality were observed for two consecutive years. ［Result］In acid soil，the application of quicklime significantly improved soil pH.In addition，it showed significant effects on soil nutrients，flue-cured tobacco quality，tobacco output and tobacco leaf chemical components.When the application amount of quicklime was increased to 1 350 kg/hm2，the improving effect of quicklime on soil nutrients was best，the flue-cured tobacco yield and quality all reached the highest，and the chemical components of tobacco leaves were closest to the inherent indicators of high-quality tobacco leaves. ［Conclusion］This study will provide certain reference for accurate application of quicklime in tobacco-growing area in Panzhihua City.

Panzhihua；Quicklime；Soil nutrients；Flue-cured tobacco；Quality

P anzhihua islocated atthe junction of Sichuan and Yunnan，and at the interchange between Jinsha River and Yalong River.It belongs to Hengduan Mountains and Panxi Rift.Panzhihua has a subtropical climate with abundant rainfall，hot rainy season，suitable temperature，heavy night rain，full sunshine and appropriate air humidity，which are allfavored by flue-cured tobacco. Therefore，Panzhihua is one of the most suitable areas in the national tobacco planting regionalization.However，the soil in Panzhihua is dominated by acid yellow-red soil，and the area of soil with pH lower than 5.5 accounts for 15.87%of the total soil area［1］.Soil acidification is a widespread natural process during the formation and development of soil.Under natural rainy conditions，precipitation greatly exceeds evaporation.In addition，soil leaching is very strong，leading to downward movement of soil slat ions along with percolating water.Thus，the soluble salts in the soil are reduced. The base ions on the exchange sites of soil cations will be replaced by hydrogen ions，reducing soil base saturation degree，but increasing soil hydrogen saturation degree.Thus，soil acidification is aggravated.Soil pH is an important soil chemical property，and is also an important indicator of soil fertility［2］.Soil pH is of great significance for microbial activity，mineral effectiveness and organic matter decomposition，affecting release，fixation and migration of soil nutrients［3］.Soil pH also has great effects on yield and quality formation of flue-cured tobacco［4-7］.In recent years，there have been some studies on effects of soil pH on soil properties and flue-cured tobacco yield and quality in China［9-11］. Tobacco-growing area in Panzhihua City is one part of the high-quality tobacco-growing area in Sichuan Province［7］.There are rare comprehen-sive reports on pH of tobacco-growing soil on soil nutrients and flue-cured tobacco yield and quality.In this study，the effects of application amount of quicklime on soil nutrients and fluecured tobacco yield and quality were investigated，which has important guiding significance for soil improvement and rational fertilization in tobacco-growing area in Panzhihua City.A two-consecutive-year field test was conducted so as to comprehensively analyze the effects ofapplication amount of quicklime on soil nutrients and flue-cured tobacco yield and quality.This study will provide certain reference for accurate fertilization in tobacco-growing area in Panzhihua City.

Materials and Methods

Test time and site

The test was conducted in the Wanchang Village，Caochang Town，Miyi County，Panzhihua City，Sichuan Province during 2012-2013.The test site has an altitude of 1 688 m with annual rainfall of 1 200-1 400 mm，annual average temperature of 14-16℃and annual sunshine time of 3 000-3 400 h.

Test materials

The test materials included fluecured tobacco cultivar Honghua Dajinyuan，quicklime and yellow soil（pH 5.0）.

Test design

Total four application amounts of quicklime were designed，including 450，900，1 350 and 1 800 kg/hm2.The treatment without application of quicklime was treatment as the control. Thus，total five treatments were designed in the test.The randomized block design was adopted with three replicates for each treatment.The quicklime was buried in holes 10 d before the transplanting oftobacco seedlings.After the application，the quicklime was mixed with surrounded soil.There were about 50 tobacco seedlings in each plot.The other cultivation techniques and management were in line with the Local Standards System for High-quality Flue-cured Tobacco in Panzhihua City.

lndicator survey and analysis

Soil nutrients After the test，one soil sample was collected at the depth of 0-20 cm for each treatment.Subsequently，the soil pH and nutrients（available nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，calcium and magnesium）were analyzed.

The organic matter content was determined by potassium dichromatevolumetric method［12］；the total nitrogen content was determined by Kjeldahl method［13］；the total phosphorus content was determined by spectrophotometry［14］；the pH was measured by acidometer［12］；the available nitrogen content was determined by alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method［15］；the available phosphorus contentwas determined by spectrophotometry［12］；the available potassium content was determined by flame photometry［16］；the exchangeable calcium and magnesium contents were determined by atomic absorption method；the available boron content was determined by curcumin colorimetry［12］.

Tobacco yield The tobacco leaves harvested from each plot were cured singly.In each plot，the yield，output，proportion of first-and middle-grade tobacco leaves，and average price were recorded.

Tobacco quality After the curing，the intrinsic quality（potassium content，total nitrogen content，total sugar content，reducing sugar content，nicotine content and chloride ion content）of the tobacco leaves was analyzed.

The total nitrogen content was determined by Kjeldahl method［17］；the nicotine content was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry［17］；the total sugarcontentand reducing sugar content were determined by Munson-Walker method［17］；the chloride ion content was determined by potentiometric titration［18］；the potassium content was determined by flame photometry［19］.

Results and Analysis

Effect of different application amount of quicklime on soil nutrients

As shown in Table 1，with the increased application amount of quicklime，soil pH and calcium content were increased gradually.The available potassium and available phosphorus contents in quicklime-applied soil were all higher than those in quicklime-free soil.When the application amount ofquicklime was increased to 150 kg/hm2，soil organic matter，available potassium， available phosphorus，available nitrogen（alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen），total nitrogen，total phosphorus and total potassium contents were all higher，but the magnesium and available boron contents were lower than those in the control.With the increased soil alkalinity，the fixing effect of soil on magnesium was enhanced，leading to increased adsorbing effect of soil on magnesium［20-21］.In addition，the increased soil alkalinity resulted in specific adsorption of magnesium by soil［22］.

Table 1 Effect of different application amount of quicklime on soil nutrients

Effect of different application amount of quicklime on flue-cured tobacco yield

The yields and outputs of tobacco leaves in various treatment groups were shown in Table 2.The yields and outputs of tobacco leaves in quicklime-applied soilwere higherthan those in the control.When the application among of quicklime was lower than 1 350 kg/hm2，the yield and output of tobacco leaves were all increased with the increase of applica-tion amount of quicklime.However，when the application amount of quicklime exceeded 1 350 kg/hm2，the yield and output of tobacco leaves were all trended to be decreased.

Table 2 Effect of different application amount of quicklime on flue-cured tobacco yield

Effect of different application amount of quicklime on flue-cured tobacco quality

As shown in Table 3，with the increased application amount of quicklime，the variations in chemical components of tobacco leaves showed three kinds of trends.The potassium content，total nitrogen content and nicotine content in tobacco leaves were reduced with the increased application amount of quicklime.When the application amount of quicklime was lower than 1 350 kg/hm2，the total sugar and reducing sugar contents intobaccoleaveswereincreased with the increased application amount of quicklime；but when the application amount of quicklime exceeded 1 350 kg/hm2，the total sugar and reducing sugar contents in tobacco leaves were reduced with the increased application amount of quicklime.There was no significant correlation between application amount of quicklime and chloride ion content in tobacco leaves.Under normal conditions，the contents of chemical components in tobacco leaves are as follows: total sugar 18%-24%，reducing sugar 16%-22%，total nitrogen 1.5%-2.2%，nicotine 2.0%-3.5%，sugar-nicotine ratio 6-10，nitrogen-nicotine ratio 0.8-1.0，potassium ion content＞2%，chloride ion content＜0.6%［23］.In the case of non-application of quicklime，internal chemicalindicators oftobacco leaves are difficult to achieve highquality standards. However，after quicklime wasapplied in tobaccogrowing soil according to the amount of 1 350 kg/hm2，the internal chemical components of tobacco leaves were all close to the high-quality standards.

Conclusions and Discussion

Soil acidification has become an important factor affecting plant production and ecological environment［24］. The improving effect of acid soil is related to the properties of soil amendments and the properties of soil itself. At the same time，economic benefit is also needed to be taken into account.Although there are various soil amendments on market，quicklime is most commonly used in improvement of acid soil due to its wide source and cheap price.Application of quicklime has great effects on soil nutrients and flue-cured tobacco yield，quality and internal chemical components.Quicklime becomes alkaline after it is dissolved in water，and can neutralize a large number of acidic substances in soil.At the same time，quicklime can neutralize active acid and latent acid in soil.Application of quicklime is an economic and convenient method to improve acid soil.However，abuse application of quicklime may exacerbate acidification of the soil.Even worse，excessive application of quicklime may inhibit the growth of crops［24］.Therefore，rational application of quicklime is essential.

Table 3 Effect of different application amount of quicklime on flue-cured tobacco quality

With the increased application amount of quicklime，soil pH and calcium content were all increased gradually，but magnesium and available boron contents were trended to be decreased.When quicklime was applied in soil，a large number of hydroxyl ions were produced.The hydroxyl ions combined with magnesium，iron and other metal ions in soil，resulting in the generation of hydroxide precipitation. Thus，soil pH was increased，and soil acidity was neutralized.The aluminum toxicity was reduced.In addition，the application of quicklime increased exchangeable calcium content，as well as nutrients contents，in soil.When the application amount of quicklime was 1 350 kg/hm2，soil nutrients achieved a relatively optimal status for producing high-quality flue-cured tobacco.

When the application amount of quicklime ranged within 1 350 kg/hm2，the yield and output of tobacco leaves were trended to be increased with the increased application amount of quicklime.However，when the application amount of quicklime exceeded 1 350 kg/hm2，the yield and output of tobacco leaves were all decreased.It suggests that 1 350 kg/hm2is the optimum threshold application amount of quicklime for improving acid soil.In tobacco-rice rotating system （first-season crop was tobacco，and secondseason crop was rice），Tang et al.applied quicklime （0.2-0.4 g/kg）in acid soil（pH 5.0）.The results showed that the growth of local-season flue-cured tobacco was significantly improved，but the excessive application of quicklime was detrimental to tobacco growth［25］.This study found that the application amount of quicklime also could not be excessive.Frequent application of quicklime may exacerbate acidification of the soil.Even worse，excessive application of quicklime may also inhibit plant growth.Mobility of quicklime is poor in soil.Long-term and excessive application of quicklime can cause compaction of surface soil，which is not conducive to the growth ofplants，and may also lead to imbalance of soil nutrients.

When the application amount of quicklime was 1 350 kg/hm2，the internal chemical indicators of flue-cured tobacco leaves were closest to highquality flue-cured tobacco standards.

In short，application of quicklime can neutralize soil acidity，improve soil fertility and restore productivity of acidic soil，which is of great significance for sustainable development of agriculture and protection of ecological environment.In tobacco-growing area of Panzhihua City，the optimum application amount of quicklime is 1 350 kg/hm2.Under that application amount of quicklime，soil nutrients and tobacco leaf yield，quality and intrinsic quality all will be improved.

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Responsible editor：Tingting XU

Responsible proofreader：Xiaoyan WU

攀枝花烟区生石灰施用量与土壤养分及烤烟质量的关系

潘兴兵1，张宗锦1，庞良玉2*，官宇2，汪莹2
（1.四川省烟草公司攀枝花市公司，四川攀枝花617026；2.四川省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所，四川成都610000）

［目的］检测生石灰对攀枝花烟区酸性土壤的改良效果。［方法］2012～2013连续2年通过田间试验研究4种生石灰施用量（450、900、1 350、1 800 kg/hm2）对土壤养分及烟叶生产的影响。［结果］在酸性土壤上施用生石灰，不仅对提高土壤pH有明显作用，而且对植烟土壤养分、烤烟产量、产值以及烟叶内在化学成分的变化有明显影响。其中，当生石灰施用量达到1 350 kg/hm2的标准时，土壤养分调节效果最显著，烤烟产量、质量均达到最高，烟叶内在化学成分最接近优质烟化学内在指标。［结论］该试验为攀枝花烟区的精准化施肥提供了参考。

攀枝花；生石灰；土壤养分；烤烟；质量

四川省烟草公司攀枝花市公司科技基金（攀烟司［2011］31号）；中国烟草总公司四川省公司2013年重点科技项目“烤烟中、微量元素营养失调症诊断及产品开发”（川烟科［2013］4号）。

潘兴兵（1985-），男，重庆人，助理农艺师，从事烤烟土壤肥料与栽培研究。*通讯作者，研究员，从事耕作栽培与农业生态研究，E-mail：272659962@qq.com。

2015-08-24

Supported by Science and Technology Fund of Panzhihua Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company（PYS［2011］31）；Science and Technology Key Project of Sichuan Branch of China National Tobacco Company（CYK［2013］4）.

*Corresponding author.E-mail:272659962@qq.com

Received:August 24，2015 Accepted:November 17，2015

修回日期 2015-11-17