碘造影剂在CT扫描时发生渗漏的影响因素及预防措施
2015-10-21陆皓王丹许国辉等
陆皓 王丹 许国辉等
[摘 要] 目的:分析CT高压增强扫描中造影剂渗漏发生影响因素及发生概率,寻找预防措施。方法:回顾性分析我院做CT增强扫描而出现造影剂渗漏患者38例资料。结果:在发生造影剂渗漏患者38例中,由于患者血管较差导致建立静脉通道时留置针软管进入血管较浅导致造影剂外漏患者9例,占23.68%;由于病人放化疗后导致其血管弹性降低、脆性增加导致外漏的患者18例,占47.37%;由于病人在建立静脉通道后等待检查时未保护好静脉通道以至于造影剂外漏患者8例,占21.05%;由于留置针本身质量问题导致造影剂外漏患者3人,占7.89%。结论:绝大部分造影剂渗漏为可干预因素,通过制定预判断,预处理方案,可明显降低渗漏事件发生概率。
[关键词] 造影剂渗漏;预防
中图分类号:R445 文献标识码: B 文章编号:2095-5200(2015)05-118-02
[Abstract] Objective: to use the probability of pressure leakage during contrast media in CT scan to illustrate the the influence factors and prevention. Methods: Collecting 38 patients whose contrast leakage during CT Injection Scans in our hospital between 2013.12.26 to 2014.08.25,Each patient were recorded and analysis the causes of leakage in contrast agenting and the prevention measures. Results:In 38 patients with leakage, Due to poor patients in patients with vascular establishing intravenous indwelling needle tube into the shallow vessels leads to contrast leakage in 9 patients, accounting for 23.68%;Due to radiation and chemotherapy patients after the blood vessel elasticity decreased, fragility increase lead to leakage of 18 cases of patients with 47.37%;Because the patient waiting for inspection after establishing venous channel to protect that intravenous contrast agent of 8 patients with leakage, accounting for 21.05%;Contrast leakage due to needle itself quality problems in patients with 3 people, accounting for 7.89%. Conclusion: in 38 patients ,regardless of the quality problem of the needle itself, the remaining 92.11% of the leakage of contrast media events are our medical staff can intervene, we carefully summarize the type and the probability of each contrast leakage incident, completes the preliminary judgment and pretreatment, strive to minimize the probability of adverse events.
[Key words] Contrast Leakage;prevention
CT增强扫描是利用高压注射器通过静脉通道快速注射造影剂,以求获得最大图像对比度一种CT扫描方式[1-2]。随着CT机及高压注射器普及,随之而来不良事件也时有发生,最常见的属高压注射时造影剂渗漏 [3]。本文作者对2013年12月26日至2014年8月25日期间在本院进行CT增强扫描时出现造影剂渗漏38例患者进行统计分析,旨在探讨造影剂渗漏这一不良事件影响因素及预防措施。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
2013年12月26日至2014年8月25日我院进行CT增强扫描出现造影剂渗漏患者38例,其中男性15例、女性23例,年龄48~67岁、平均57岁;体重46~74kg、平均体重60kg。
1.2 方法
扫描仪为GE公司Lightspeed VCT(64排),美国MEORAO公司双筒高压注射器,B.BRAUN公司22G一次性静脉留置针,造影剂为碘佛醇注射液,规格为320mg I/mL。所有患者均在检查前签订《造影剂检查知情同意书》[4]患者给药量按1.2mL/kg计算[5],根据年龄,性别,体重,扫描部位来确定给药速率,一般为2.5-3.0mL/s[6]。建立静脉通道。用22G静脉留置针,选取手背静脉等比较粗、直,且易于固定部位。扫描技师在选择病人体位时,尽量考虑到增强时护理人员操作方便性,并且在摆位时嘱咐病人保护好静脉通道。增强过程中,技术人员密切关注高压注射器压力曲线变化[7],及时反馈给护理人员;护理人员在注药过程中注意观察病人静脉通道并及时询问患者感觉,对有出现造影剂外漏倾向患者,立即终止注药,告知技术人员暂停检查,并采取适当措施。针对患者资料进行分析。
2 结果
38例造影剂渗漏患者中,由于患者血管较差导致建立静脉通道时留置针软管进入血管较浅导致造影剂外漏患者9例,占23.68%;由于病人放化疗后导致其血管弹性降低、脆性增加导致外漏患者18例,占47.37%;由于病人在建立静脉通道后等待检查时未保护好静脉通道以至于造影剂外漏患者8例,占21.05%;由于留置针本身质量问题导致造影剂外漏患者3人,占7.89%。见表1。
3 小结与讨论
在38例造影剂渗漏患者中,抛开留置针本身质量问题这一不可干预因素所占比例7.89%,其余92.11%造影剂渗漏事件都是我们医护人员可以加以干预;将上述可干预因素与不可干预因素占比经软件分析,P<0.05差异具有统计学意义。可见在进行CT增强扫描时,只要医务人员认真学习并总结每种造影剂渗漏事件发生类型及概率,积极做好预判断与预处理,可以降低造影剂渗漏发生率。
针对上述影响造影剂渗漏因素,我们积极查阅相关资料,组织医、技、护三方讨论,制定出一套完整预判断与预处理方案:对于血管走行不畅,留置针进针过浅病人,将常规手背静脉改为肘正中静脉、贵要静脉,甚至足背静脉等相对较粗、直血管建立静脉通道,或者配合技术人员改良扫描方式,降低给药速率以防止软管头因压力过高而滑出血管[8];对于血管弹性较差放化疗病人,采取降低给药速率,用头皮针替代留置针方法进行静脉给药,在不超过血管最大耐受压力情况下将造影剂顺利注入患者体内[9];对于认知能力较差不能很好配合保护静脉通道患者,精心制作静脉通道保护基本常识手册,在病人待检时发放给病人及家属观看,争取得到病人最大限度配合,并做好医务工作者告知义务[10]。对于实在不能配合危重病人,采取平扫后在扫描床上建立静脉通道办法,虽然这样做可能会浪费一部分扫描时间,但是能够很好避免危重病人无意识破坏静脉通道行为。采取上述措施后,有效降低了渗漏发生率。
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