不同中医证型心力衰竭患者左心室射血分数与NT-proBNP、Hcy、D-D的关系
2015-08-24温学红闫卫利马明坤杨龙艳
温学红,闫卫利,马明坤,杨龙艳
不同中医证型心力衰竭患者左心室射血分数与NT-proBNP、Hcy、D-D的关系
温学红,闫卫利△,马明坤,杨龙艳
目的 研究不同中医证型的心力衰竭患者左心室射血分数(LVEF)与N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、D-二聚体(D-D)的关系。方法 将178例慢性心衰患者依照LVEF分2组:LVEF正常的心衰组(HFNEF)86例和LVEF减低的心衰组(HFREF)92例,以心功能正常者35例为对照组。根据中医证型将心衰患者分为3组:气阴两虚组64例,气虚血瘀组59例,阳虚水停组55例。应用多普勒超声检查测量LVEF,测定血清NT-proBNP、Hcy和D-D水平。结果 3组的NT-proBNP、Hcy、D-D水平,均是HFREF组>HFNEF组>对照组,对于LVEF,HFREF组<HFNEF组<对照组(均P<0.05)。对于HFNEF患者,阳虚水停组的LVEF低于气阴两虚组(P<0.05)。不同证型组间的NT-proBNP、Hcy、D-D水平差异无统计学意义。对于HFREF患者,不同证型组间LVEF比较差异无统计学意义;NT-proBNP水平:气阴两虚组<气虚血瘀组<阳虚水停组;Hcy、D-D水平:阳虚水停组高于气阴两虚组和气虚血瘀组(P<0.05)。结论 随LVEF的改变,不同中医证型的血NT-proBNP、Hcy、D-D水平呈现一定趋势的变化,以射血分数减低组中不同证型间各指标的变化比射血分数正常组更为明显。
心力衰竭;每搏输出量;利钠肽,脑;中医证型;左室射血分数;N末端脑钠肽前体;同型半胱氨酸;D-二聚体
慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)是指心肌收缩力下降而导致心排血量不能满足机体代谢需要,从而导致各器官、组织血液灌注不足。射血分数是指每搏输出量占心室舒张末期容积量的百分比,它与心肌的收缩能力有关。CHF是各种心脏疾病的终末阶段,由射血分数正常的心力衰竭(heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction,HFNEF)逐渐演变成射血分数降低的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFREF)[1],在此发展过程中,心室的功能也在逐渐发生改变。而中医认为慢性心力衰竭的病因病机虽病位在心,但兼及肝肾;气虚为本,虚实夹杂,应辨证论治,不同证型表现不同。在实验室指标中,N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平能较好地反映心室功能,D-二聚体(D-D)水平与心血管疾病的预后有直接关系[2],并且高同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)血症是心血管疾病的独立危险因素,本文旨在研究不同中医证型心力衰竭患者的左心室射血分数(LVEF)及上述实验室检查指标的变化,为中医辨证治疗提供客观依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取我院2013年5月—2014年3月因CHF住院的患者178例,男70例,女108例,年龄60~89岁,平均(70±8)岁,选取心功能正常者35例为对照组,男16例,女19例,年龄50~70岁,平均(67±9)岁。2组年龄(t= 1.576)、性别(χ2=2.511)差异无统计学意义,且2组患者近1周均未曾服用影响心脏自主神经活性的药物。
1.2 病例纳入标准
1.2.1 CHF西医诊断标准 CHF诊断参照Framingham标准[3],以LVEF>0.5为HFNEF组,86例;LVEF≤0.5为HFREF组,92例。排除合并有急慢性炎症感染性疾病、慢性肝病、肾功能不全、风湿及类风湿性骨关节炎、肿瘤、脑血管意外、甲状腺功能亢进及服用非甾体类抗炎药和类固醇激素者。
1.2.2 中医辨证分型 参照2008年中医内科常见病诊疗指南西医疾病部分[4]的标准及第6版中医诊断学中相关证型的辨证进行辨证分型,具备主症2项,或主症1项加次症2项。将178例CHF患者根据不同证型分为3组:气阴两虚组64例,气虚血瘀组59例,阳虚水停组55例。
1.3 检查方法 入院第2天清晨空腹12 h后采血3 mL,应用雅培C16000全自动生化分析仪采用宁波瑞源生物科技有限公司的试剂循环酶法测定Hcy;应用瑞莱生物工程公司免疫测试仪采用双向测流免疫法测定NT-proBNP;应用VIDAS分析仪采用酶联免疫荧光法测定D-D。采用Philips iU Elite进行心脏彩色多普勒超声检查,心脏探头S5-1,频率2~4 MHz。
1.4 统计学方法 采用SPSS 13.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料用±s或M(P25,P75)表示,2组间比较采用t检验,多个样本资料均数比较采用方差分析或非参数检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 3组各指标比较结果 对于NT-proBNP、Hcy、D-D水平,均是HFREF组>HFNEF组>对照组,对于LVEF,HFREF组<HFNEF组<对照组,差异均有统计学意义,见表1。
Tab.1 LVEF and serum levels of NT-proBNP,Hcy and D-D in three groups表1 3组LVEF、NT-proBNP、Hcy、D-D水平比较(±s)
Tab.1 LVEF and serum levels of NT-proBNP,Hcy and D-D in three groups表1 3组LVEF、NT-proBNP、Hcy、D-D水平比较(±s)
**P<0.01;a与对照组比较,b与HFNEF组比较,P<0.05
n组别对照组HFNEF组HFREF组F或χ235 86 92 LVEF 0.615±0.049 0.538±0.025a0.413±0.054ab126.51**NT-proBNP(g/L)255.90±34.22 4 171.65±2 034.74a6 514.51±3 176.57ab35.66**组别对照组HFNEF组HFREF组F或χ2n 35 86 92 Hcy(μmol/L)9.38±5.13 18.90±6.01a24.35±7.72ab45.67**D-D(μg/L)220.50(161.50,321.00)1 110.50(811.00,2 075.75)a2 719.50(1 266.50,4 416.25)ab102.26**
2.2 HFNEF组中不同中医证型间各指标比较结果 阳虚水停组的LVEF低于气阴两虚组(P<0.05)。不同证型组间的NT-proBNP、Hcy、D-D水平差异无统计学意义,见表2。
Tab.2 Comparison of the indexes among different TCM syndrome types sub groups among patients in HFNEF group表2 HFNEF组不同证型之间各指标的比较(±s)
Tab.2 Comparison of the indexes among different TCM syndrome types sub groups among patients in HFNEF group表2 HFNEF组不同证型之间各指标的比较(±s)
*P<0.05,**P<0.01;a与气阴两虚组比较,P<0.05
组别气阴两虚组气虚血瘀组阳虚水停组F n 31 28 27 LVEF 0.554±0.036 0.535±0.016 0.525±0.016a2.64*NT-proBNP(g/L)3 615.33±1 705.47 3 922.33±1 186.59 5 139.41±3 287.29 1.54组别气阴两虚组气虚血瘀组阳虚水停组F n 31 28 27 Hcy(μmol/L)17.83±5.11 19.41±4.43 19.66±4.37 0.54 D-D(μg/L)1 663.25±1 028.16 1 696.33±734.64 2 099.33±846.69 0.92
2.3 HFREF组中不同中医证型间各指标比较结果 不同证型组间LVEF比较差异无统计学意义;对于NT-proBNP:气阴两虚组<气虚血瘀组<阳虚水停组;对于Hcy、D-D水平:阳虚水停组高于气阴两虚组和气虚血瘀组(P<0.05),而气阴两虚组和气虚血瘀组差异无统计学意义,见表3。
Tab.3 Comparison of the indexes of different TCM syndrome types among patients in HFREF group表3 HFREF组不同证型之间各指标的比较(±s)
Tab.3 Comparison of the indexes of different TCM syndrome types among patients in HFREF group表3 HFREF组不同证型之间各指标的比较(±s)
*P<0.05;a与气阴两虚组比较,b与气虚血瘀组比较,P<0.05
组别气阴两虚组气虚血瘀组阳虚水停组F n 33 31 28 LVEF 0.429±0.051 0.411±0.058 0.395±0.036 1.64 NT-proBNP(g/L)4 314.78±1 572.56 6 422.90±2 495.83a8 811.38±3 292.70ab10.62*组别气阴两虚组气虚血瘀组阳虚水停组F n 33 31 28 Hcy(μmol/L)20.71±6.45 23.09±5.39 29.38±6.43ab6.07*D-D(μg/L)3 818.42±1 034.82 4 082.81±755.96 4 306.42±1 077.58ab5.68*
3 讨论
心力衰竭是由于多种原因(如心肌梗死、血流动力学负荷过重、炎症等)引起的初始心肌损伤,从而引起心脏结构和功能的变化,这与中医学整体观念认为慢性心力衰竭的形成是心气虚衰积渐成损的过程相一致,在本病的发展过程中,病机复杂多变,证候虚实夹杂,终末阶段出现心阳虚脱。
脑钠肽(BNP)主要由心室心肌细胞分泌,当心室负荷过重、心室壁张力增加或心脏扩大时,心肌内存储的NT-proBNP即被释放并很快分解为有活性的BNP。本研究结果显示无论LVEF是否正常的慢性心衰组的NT-proBNP均高于对照组,且HFREF组高于HFNEF组,表明HFREF组的左室舒张功能受损程度更重,与其他学者研究相似[5]。对于中医证型间的比较,有的学者只对射血分数正常的心衰中医证型进行研究,结果显示HFNEF组的B型脑钠肽水平高于对照组,而心阳虚证组显著高于其他证型组[6-7]。本研究同时又对HFREF患者分不同中医证型进行比较,结果显示患者NT-proBNP水平按气阴两虚组、气虚血瘀组、阳虚水停组的顺序呈升高趋势;但HFNEF组中不同证型组间的NT-proBNP水平差异无统计学意义,说明疾病发展至气阳两虚,心主血脉功能低下,心肌长期的压力负荷过重,表现心脏泵血功能更加衰竭。
Hcy是在肝脏、肌肉及其他一些组织中由蛋氨酸脱甲基生成的一种含巯基的氨基酸。Hcy可损伤血管内皮细胞,也可直接诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖,干扰血管平滑肌细胞的正常功能,进而使动脉内皮受损,并且高浓度的可使血管平滑肌细胞内的Ca2+聚集,影响钙的稳态,肌球蛋白和肌钙蛋白脱偶联发生障碍,造成心肌张力持续增高,促使心力衰竭发生、发展。本研究结果示HFREF组的Hcy>HFNEF组>对照组,表明Hcy水平越高对心肌功能影响越大,高Hcy血症在心衰的发展过程中起着一定作用。对于HFREF患者,阳虚水停组的Hcy高于气阴两虚组和气虚血瘀组,但HFNEF组中不同证型间Hcy水平无明显差异,原因与中医病机发展过程相符,中医认为心力衰竭的病因病机乃心气、心阳渐虚,气虚不能行血,阳虚无以温通血脉,使病机变化过程从气阴两虚到气虚血瘀,再到阳虚水停。
人体的纤溶系统对保持血管壁的正常通透性、维持血液的流动状态和组织修复起重要作用。D-D是纤维蛋白溶解的最终产物,反映纤维蛋白溶解功能,只要机体血管内有活化的血栓形成及纤维溶解活动,D-D就会升高。心肌功能障碍,不能将血液输布于全身,一方面致使组织缺血缺氧,缺氧使红细胞反应性增强,血液黏滞度增高,导致血管内皮损伤,促凝因子释放增加,有促凝作用的内皮下成分暴露[8],另一方面外周血流淤滞,静脉血流流速减慢,容易接触激活内源性凝血系统,形成附壁血栓及静脉血栓等原因均会造成D-D的升高。本研究结果表明HFREF组的D-D水平>HFNEF组>对照组,表明血浆D-D水平与心肌功能损伤的严重程度相关。以往学者多是按心功能分级研究与D-D的关系以及其在心血管疾病中的诊断价值[9-10],结果显示随着心功能分级的增加,D-D水平显著增高,LVEF值越低,D-D水平就越高。关于不同中医证型D-D水平的研究不多,本研究结果表明,HFREF患者阳虚水停组的D-D水平高于气阴两虚组和气虚血瘀组,但在HFNEF组中不同证型间D-D水平无明显差异。主要原因是随着心衰病程的进展,血脉失于温运,心肺气血循环不畅,使心主血脉功能低下,临床表现为周围组织器官供血越来越不足,随着病机发生变化,阳虚时已气血运化无力,表现出阳虚水停证型的患者D-D水平要高于其他证型的患者。
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(2014-09-22收稿 2014-12-30修回)
(本文编辑 闫娟)
Correlation of left ventricular ejection fraction as well as serum levels of NT-proBNP,Hcy and D-D with different traditional Chinese medicine syndrome types of chronic heart failure
WEN Xuehong,YAN Weili△,MA Mingkun,YANG Longyan
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300150,China
△Corresponding Author E-mail:yanweili163@126.com
Objective To investigate the correlation of left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)as well as serum levels of NT-proBNP,Hcy and D-Dimer(D-D)with different traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome types of chronic heart failure(CHF).Methods A total of 178 CHF patients were divided into heart function normal ejection fracture group(HFNEF,n=86)and heart function reduction(HFREF,n=92)according to their LVEF performance.Another 35 cases with normal cardiac function were included in control group.All CHF patients was also divided into 3 TCM syndrome types:"both deficiency of Qi and Yin syndrome group"(n=64),"Qi asthenia causing blood stasis syndrome group"(n=59)and"Yang deficiency water stop group"(n=55).All patients were examined with cardiac color doppler and LVEF values were recorded.And serum NT-proBNP、Hcyand D-D levels were all quantified.Results As to serum levels of NT-proBNP,Hcy and DD,they were higher in HFREF group than those in HFNEF group than those in control group.On the other hand,LVEF was lowest in HFREF group but highest in control group.All differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Among patient in HFNEF group,LVEF in the"Yang deficiency water stop group"was lower than that in"both deficiency of Qi and Yin syndrome group"(P<0.05).Serum levels of NT-proBNP,Hcy,and D-D were not significantly different between different TCM syndrome groups.By contrast,among patients in HFREF group,LVEF values did not differ significantly between different TCM syndrome groups.Serum level of NT-proBNP was lower in"both deficiency of Qi and Yin syndrome group"than that in "Qi asthenia causing blood stasis syndrome group"than that in"Yang deficiency water stop group".As to serum levels of Hcy and D-D,they are higher in"Yang deficiency water stop group"that those in"both deficiency of Qi and Yin syndrome group"and"Qi asthenia causing blood stasis syndrome group"(P<0.05).Conclusion Patients with different TCM syndrome types of CHF present different levels of serum NT-proBNP,Hcy,D-D level and LVEF.Changes of indicators in HFREF groups are more obvious than they did in HFNEF group.
heart failure;stroke volume;natriuretic peptide,brain;traditional Chinese medicine syndrome types;LVEF;NT-proBNP;Hcy;D-dimer
R541,R256.2
A DOI:10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.06.012
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81273939)
天津中医药大学第二附属医院(邮编300150)
温学红(1967),女,主任医师,主要从事临床生化检验方面研究
△E-mail:yanweili163@126.com