伴鳞状分化的膀胱高级别尿路上皮癌的临床特点
2015-05-05李笑弓郭宏骞
曹 锴,杨 荣,李笑弓,郭宏骞
(南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院泌尿外科,江苏南京 210008)
·临床研究·
伴鳞状分化的膀胱高级别尿路上皮癌的临床特点
曹 锴,杨 荣,李笑弓,郭宏骞
(南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院泌尿外科,江苏南京 210008)
目的 比较伴鳞状分化的膀胱高级别尿路上皮癌与单纯膀胱高级别尿路上皮癌在病理分期及预后上的差异。 方法 我们回顾性分析了从2005年1月至2014年12月的64位接受膀胱根治性切除术的高级别尿路上皮癌患者,其中20例伴有鳞状分化。两组间的病理分期差异采用Fisher精确检验。相关生存期生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,Log-rank检验用来比较两组间的差异。 结果 伴鳞状分化组占31%(20例),其中pT1期4例,pT2期4例,pT3期10例,pT4期2例。对照组(非鳞状分化组)44例,其中T1期13例,T2期21例,T3期6例,T4期4例。两组间在病理分期上存在着差异(P<0.05),其中伴鳞状分化组T3或T4期占60.0%,显著高于对照组(22.7%)。伴鳞状分化组与对照组的3年总体生存率分别为44.1%和77.3%(P<0.05),3年无复发生存率分别为29.7%和74.5%(P<0.05)。结论 伴鳞状分化的高级别尿路上皮癌与单纯高级别尿路上皮癌相比,具有更高的病理分期,更强的浸润性,肿瘤总体生存率较差,复发率较高。
尿路上皮癌;鳞状分化;根治性膀胱切除;病理分期;预后
膀胱癌是泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。截止2014年美国膀胱癌估计新发病例约74 690例,死亡15 880例[1]。膀胱癌的组织学类型很多,最多见的是尿路上皮癌。近年来,伴有不同类型分化的尿路上皮癌也较为多见[2]。其中伴鳞状分化的尿路上皮癌最为常见,约占尿路上皮癌的10%~60%[3]。目前对于伴鳞状分化的膀胱尿路上皮癌特性的研究越来越多,掌握其临床特点有助于制定相关的诊疗方案。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料 本研究回顾性分析了64例膀胱高级别尿路上皮癌患者,其中伴鳞状分化的高级别尿路上皮癌组20例,男16例,女4例。年龄53~85岁,平均69.6岁。单纯高级别尿路上皮癌组例,男35例,女9例。年龄47~83岁,平均66.3岁。64例患者均接受根治性膀胱切除术。其中15例术后淋巴结阳性或T3期以上患者接受了辅助化疗,化疗方案GC方案。3例患者接受了辅助放疗。
1.2 研究方法 两组病理切片均由我院病理科医生重新阅片,若肿瘤组织中除了有尿路上皮成分,还发现明显的细胞间桥或角化成分时,则认为伴有鳞状分化。患者随访采用电话随访或门诊复诊。
1.3 统计学分析 采用SPASS16.0软件处理数据。应用Fisher精确检验比较两组间病理分期差异,相关生存期生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,Log-rank检验则被用来比较两组间的差异。以P<0.05有统计学意义。
2 结 果
2.1 伴鳞状分化组与对照组病理分期的比较 患者平均年龄67.4岁(47~85岁)。男51例,女13例。同时合并原位癌患者占12.5%,淋巴结转移患者占18.7%。伴鳞状分化组20例,其中pT1期4例(20%),pT2期4例(20%),pT3期10例(50%),pT4期2例(10%),淋巴结侵犯4例,合并原位癌患者3例。对照组44例,其中T1期13例(29%),T2期21例(48%),T3期6例(14%),T4期4例(9%),淋巴结侵犯例8例,同时合并原位癌患者5例。两组间在病理分期上存在着差异(P<0.05),其中伴鳞状分化组T3或T4期占60%,显著高于对照组(22.7%)。
图1 伴鳞状分化组与对照组患者的总体生存率比较(P<0.05)
2.2 生存分析 伴鳞状分化组术后随访2.3~94.7个月,中位随访18.3个月。对照组术后随访2.5~97.6个月,中位随访32.8个月。伴鳞状分化组与对照组相比,3年总体生存率分别为44.1%和77.3%(P<0.05,图1),3年无复发生存率分别为29.7%和74.5%(P<0.05,图2)。
图2 伴鳞状分化组与对照组患者的无复发生存率比较(P<0.05)
3 讨 论
尿路上皮肿瘤具较强的异向分化能力,了解这些异向分化形式的特点,能使我们更好的了解其预后以及采取个体化的诊疗措施。膀胱尿路上皮癌各种分化形式中最常见的是鳞状上皮分化。ANTUNES等[3]对113位根治性膀胱切除术患者研究发现,其中22.1%的患者伴有鳞状上皮分化。在肿瘤复发率方面,鳞状上皮分化组与无鳞状上皮分化组分别为64%和34%(P=0.001)。并且通过多因素分析认为伴鳞状上皮分化是独立的预后指标,它的存在与膀胱尿路上皮癌患者预后较差有着密切的联系。BILLIS等[4]随机选取 165名经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除患者,研究发现伴鳞状分化者具有更大的侵袭性和更高的临床分期。本研究中伴鳞状上皮分化组与非鳞状分化组相比,肿瘤3年总体生存率分别为44.1%和77.3%,3年无复发生存率分别为29.7%和74.5%,且两者T3期以上分别占60.0%和22.7%。由此可见,伴鳞状分化的膀胱尿路上皮癌的恶性程度更高。
近年来,免疫组化技术的不断发展为进一步认识尿路上皮癌伴鳞状上皮分化提供了较大的帮助,尤其是在形态学上难以鉴别的情况下这种技术的作用显得尤为突出。一项研究表明,MAC387是对于鳞状分化的敏感性高达99%,特异性为70%,因此MAC387是对于鳞状分化的诊断比较可靠的分子标志物[5]。LOPEZ-BELTRAN等[6]的研究也支持此观点。另一项研究显示,CK5/6、CK5/14阳性且CK20、UPⅢ阴性也有助于诊断膀胱肿瘤中的鳞状上皮分化[7]。此外,GATA3对于区分单纯尿路上皮肿瘤和尿路上皮肿瘤伴鳞状分化也有潜在的作用[8]。桥粒是一种相邻细胞之间连接的结构,多见于简单或复层鳞状上皮组织,包括桥粒芯和桥粒斑。桥粒胶蛋白是构成桥粒芯的一种蛋白。HAYASHI等[9]对110例根治性膀胱切除的标本(鳞状分化25例)进行免疫组分析发现,桥粒胶蛋白2(DSC2)对于尿路上皮癌中鳞状分化的检测的敏感性达到96%,特异性为100%。而且DSC2的表达与肿瘤的高分级(P=0.0314)和预后不佳 (P=0.0477)相关。
膀胱尿路上皮癌伴鳞状上皮分化的发病原因及机制还未完全阐明。可能与长期的刺激相关,包括长期留置尿管、慢性尿路感染、膀胱结石等[10]。有人认为鳞状上皮分化与HPV的感染有关[11],但也有观点认为HPV在鳞状上皮的分化过程中并没有作用[12]。
本临床资料显示伴鳞状分化的膀胱尿路上皮癌与单纯的尿路上皮癌相比,在发现的时候临床分期较晚,且预后较差,说明其恶性程度和侵袭性较高,因此对于其早期诊断显得尤为重要。但是ABD EL-LATIF等[13]将302例行膀胱活检或经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除的标本与之后相对应根治性膀胱切除的标本病理结果相比较,发现最初的活检或经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除在确定肿瘤多向分化的敏感性方面仅为39%。因此未来需要研究更为敏感和特异的分子标志物来帮助我们早期诊断和制定有效的治疗措施。
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(编辑 王 玮)
The clinical characteristics of high-grade urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation
CAO Kai, YANG Rong, LI Xiao-gong, GUO Hong-qian
(Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China)
Objective To explore the differences of pathological stage and prognostic value between high-grade urothelial carcinoma with and without squamous differentiation. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 64 patients treated with radical cystectomy between Jan. 2005 and Dec. 2014. Differences of pathological stages between cases with and without squamous differentiation were assessed byFishertests.Kaplan-Meiermethod was used to evaluate survival curves, and log-rank test was adopted to assess the statistical significance. Results Squamous differentiation was observed in 20 (31%) of the 64 patients, including 4 pT1, 4 pT2, 10 pT3 and 2 pT4. The control group consisted of 44 cases, including 13 pT1, 21 pT2, 6 pT3 and 4 pT4. There was significant difference in pathological stage between patients with and without squamous differentiation (P<0.05). The number of pT3 and pT4 in squamous differentiation group accounted for 60%, which was higher than that of the control group (22.7%). The 3-year survival rate and 3-year recurrence-free rate of patients with squamous differentiation were 44.1% and 29.7%, while those of the control were 77.3% and 74.5% (log-rank test,P<0.05). Conclusions High-grade urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation, compared with pure high-grade urothelial carcinoma, has a higher pathological stage and is more invasive. Moreover, the overall survival of cases with squamous differentiation is poorer, and the progression is faster. Further studies with a larger number of patients are necessary to confirm these results.
urothelia carcinoma; squamous differentiation; radical cystectomy; pathological stage; prognosis
2015-03-28
2015-06-26
江苏省六大人才高峰(No.WSN-005);南京市卫生局杰出青年基金(No.JQX12004)
郭宏骞,教授,主任医师.博士生导师.E-mail:dr.ghq@163.com
曹锴(1990-),男(汉族),硕士.研究方向:膀胱肿瘤.E-mail:caokai9001@126.com
R737
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2015.10.009