miR-193b体外协同增强多柔比星对乳腺癌细胞的抗肿瘤效应
2015-04-27王再红王振华衢州市中医医院检验科浙江衢州324002
应 晓,王再红,王振华(衢州市中医医院检验科,浙江衢州324002)
miR-193b体外协同增强多柔比星对乳腺癌细胞的抗肿瘤效应
应晓△,王再红,王振华
(衢州市中医医院检验科,浙江衢州324002)
[摘要]目的:研究微小RNA(microRNA,miR) -193b是否能增强多柔比星对乳腺癌细胞的杀伤效力及机制。方法:用real-time PCR方法检测乳腺癌患者及健康对照者血浆中的miR-193b表达水平。MTT法检测miR-193b联合多柔比星对乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231的杀伤效力。利用生物信息学、real-time PCR及Western blot方法验证miR-193b是否调节乳腺癌细胞Mcl-1的表达。构建Mcl-1真核表达载体,MTT法检测Mcl-1表达载体转染对miR-193b联合多柔比星治疗乳腺癌疗效的影响。结果:乳腺癌患者血浆中miR-193b表达水平显著低于对照组。miR-193b联合多柔比星治疗组对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤效力显著高于多柔比星单治疗组。miR-193b转染后,MDA-MB-231细胞Mcl-1的mRNA及蛋白表达水平均下降。miR-193b联合多柔比星在Mcl-1表达载体转染后对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤活性显著低于未转染Mcl-1表达载体的miR-193b联合多柔比星组。结论: miR-193b通过靶向于Mcl-1增强多柔比星对乳腺癌细胞的杀伤效力。
[关键词]微小RNA-193b; Mcl-1;乳腺癌; MDA-MB-231细胞;多柔比星
乳腺癌在女性中是世界上发病率最高的肿瘤。尽管如今肿瘤治疗手段已经取得了很大的进展,乳腺癌的5年存活率却仍然较低[1]。多柔比星是目前最主要的抗肿瘤药物之一,能有效治疗乳腺癌、子宫内膜癌、骨肉瘤等[2-4]。以多柔比星为主的化疗方案在肿瘤治疗中越来越被重视,然而目前亟待解决的问题就是如何选用最佳的辅助药物以取得最好的疗效并降低多柔比星的耐药性[4]。MicroRNA是一种内源性非编码单链RNA,能通过与靶基因mRNA的3'非翻译区(3'-untranslated region,3'UTR)配对结合下调靶基因的表达。最近的研究发现microRNA的失调和肿瘤发生有关[5]。MicroRNA-193b (miR-193b)被报道与肿瘤的发生、转移和耐药产生有关[6-7],然而miR-193b在乳腺癌中发挥何种生物作用目前仍不清楚,本研究的目的在于探讨miR-193b是否在乳腺癌细胞中表达失调,并研究miR-193b是否能增强多柔比星对乳腺癌细胞的杀伤活性。
材料和方法
1患者资料
收集24例2012年1月~2015年1月乳腺癌患者的血浆,患者年龄34~68岁(平均年龄48.7岁),另取23例经诊断未罹患乳腺癌的就诊患者的血浆作为阴性对照,对照患者年龄31~68岁(平均年龄49.3岁),均取得患者的知情同意。
2材料
多柔比星、噻唑蓝[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide,MTT]和二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)购于Sigma; DMEM培养基、胎牛血清购于Gibco;细胞蛋白提取液购于江苏碧云天;兔抗人Mcl-1和兔抗人β-actin购于CST; miR-193b模拟物和阴性对照寡核苷酸(negative control oligonucleotide,NCO)购于上海吉玛生物; miR-193b模拟物序列为5'-AACUGGCCCUCAAAGUCCCGCU-3'; NCO序列为5'-CUCGCCGUAACACUCCGGCUAA-3'。TRIzol试剂、逆转录试剂盒、pcDNA3.1和Lipofectamine 2000购于Invitrogen; SYBR Green试剂购于TaKaRa; PVDF膜购于Millipore; ECL试剂盒购于Pierce。各PCR引物由上海生工生物工程有限公司合成。
3实验方法
3.1细胞培养人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231购于ATCC。MDA-MB-231细胞系用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基在37℃恒温培养箱中培养,通入5% CO2。
3.2Real-time PCR检测miR-193b的表达血浆总RNA用TRIzol试剂提取。miR-193b的逆转录采用茎环real-time PCR法[8]。将U6作为内参照,miR-193b的相对表达由2-ΔΔCt法计算[9]。miR-193b逆转录引物序列为5'-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGAGTCGGCAATTCAGTTGAGAGCGGGAC-3'; U6上游引物为5'-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3',下游引物为5'-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3'。
3.3Real-time PCR检测Mcl-1的表达MDA-MB-231细胞总RNA用TRIzol试剂提取。cDNA用逆转录试剂盒按操作说明步骤由总RNA合成。Mcl-1的定量PCR扩增使用SYBR Green试剂,GAPDH作为内参照,Mcl-1的相对表达由2-ΔΔCt法计算。Mcl-1的上游引物为5'-TGGCTAAACACTTGAAGACC-3',下游引物为5'-GGAAGAACTCCACAAACCC-3'; GAPDH的上游引物为5'-CCACTCCTCCACCTTTG-3',下游引物为5'-CACCACCCTGTTGCTGT-3'。
3.4质粒构建将Mcl-1基因cDNA全长序列(Gene ID: NM_001197320)以分子克隆的方法与pcDNA3.1连接后构建成pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1重组真核表达质粒[10]。
3.5瞬时转染使用Lipofectamine 2000按照试剂操作说明书步骤将miR-193b (50 nmol/L),pc-DNA3.1-Mcl(2 mg/L)转染入MDA-MB-231细胞中,培养24 h。
3.6Western blot实验收集细胞,用细胞蛋白提取液提取总蛋白质。将蛋白提取液用12.5% SDSPAGE进行分离,将电泳分离胶通过电转方法将蛋白质转到PVDF膜上,用Mcl-1或β-actin单克隆抗体孵育过夜,之后再用带辣根过氧化物酶的Ⅱ抗孵育2 h,蛋白条带用ECL试剂盒显色发光。
3.7MTT法检测药物对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性将MDA-MB-231细胞按5×103cells/well接种在96孔板上。将miR-193b转染到细胞中,孵育24 h,然后再加不同浓度多柔比星培养48 h。加入20 mL MTT (5 g/L)培养4 h,移除孔内培养基,加入100 μL DMSO,振荡后再570 nm波长下测定A值。细胞活力结果用实验组与对照组的A值比值表示。
3.8细胞凋亡实验将miR-193b转染到MDA-MB-231细胞中,孵育24 h,然后再加2 μmol/L多柔比星培养48 h。之后将细胞用生理盐水洗涤2次,按照凋亡试剂盒说明书步骤将PI和Annexin V加入细胞中孵育20 min,采用流式细胞术检测肿瘤细胞的凋亡。
4统计学处理
实验重复3次,实验数据用均数±标准差(mean±SD)表示。用SPSS 13.0统计分析软件进行统计分析,采用非配对双侧t检验或单因素方差分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结果
1乳腺癌患者血浆miR-193b表达水平下降
人乳腺癌血浆的miR-193b表达量显著低于对照患者血浆标本,提示miR-193b可能对乳腺癌发挥肿瘤抑制作用,见图1。
Figure 1.The plasma level of miR-193b in human breast cancer patients or normal controls.Mean±SD.n=24.*P<0.05 vs normal controls.图1乳腺癌患者及对照组血浆miR-193b表达水平
2 miR-193b增强多柔比星对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤活性
miR-193b转染后,MDA-MB-231细胞内miR-193b水平显著升高(图2)。miR-193b联合多柔比星治疗组对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤活性显著高于同浓度多柔比星单治疗组(图3)。这提示miR-193b可显著增强多柔比星对乳腺癌的治疗效果。
Figure 2.Relative expression of miR-193b in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with miR-193b mimic or NCO.Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05 vs NCO group.图2 MDA-MB-231细胞用miR-193b或NCO转染后的miR-193b相对表达水平
Figure 3.miR-193b significantly enhanced the cytotoxiciy of doxorubicin for MDA-MB-231 cells.Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05 vs doxorubicin+ NCO group.图3 miR-193b显著增强多柔比星对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤活性
3 Mcl-1是miR-193b的直接靶点
生物信息学(http://www.targetscan.org/)结果表明Mcl-1可能是miR-193b的靶点(图4),进一步实验结果表明miR-193b转染MDA-MB-231细胞后Mcl-1的表达量无论在mRNA水平上还是蛋白水平上,都显著低于未转染miR-193b组,而多柔比星(2 μmol/L)对Mcl-1的表达无影响,见图5。
Figure 4.TargetScan 6.2 software predicted that Mcl-1 is the putative target of miR-193b.图4 TargetScan 6.2预测Mcl-1是miR-193b的靶基因
4 miR-193b通过Mcl-1/凋亡途径增强多柔比星对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤活性
将miR-193b和pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1共转染到MDA-MB-231细胞中检测Mcl-1的表达,由于pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1质粒不存在3' UTR序列,因此pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1能对抗miR-193b对Mcl-1的下调作用(图6)。MTT实验结果则发现pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1的共转染显著抑制了miR-193b联合多柔比星(2 μmol/L)对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤活性(图7),同时pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1的共转染可显著抑制miR-193b联合多柔比星(2 μmol/L)对MDA-MB-231细胞的凋亡诱导效应(图8)。这些结果提示miR-193b增强多柔比星对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤活性的机制可能是通过下调Mcl-1的表达水平。
Figure 5.Transfection of miR-193b significantly decreased the expression of Mcl-1 in MDA-MB-231 cells at mRNA and protein levels.Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05 vs NCO group.图5转染miR-193b显著降低MDA-MB-231细胞Mcl-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平
Figure 6.pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1 abolished the down-regulation of Mcl-1 caused by miR-193b in MDA-MB-231 cells at mRNA and protein levels.Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05 vs miR-193b+ pcDNA3.1-empty group.图6 pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1拮抗miR-193b对MDA-MB-231细胞Mcl-1表达水平的下调
Figure 7.pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1 abolished the viability inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with miR-193b plus doxorubicin (2 μmol/L).Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05 vs miR-193b+ doxorubicin group.图7 pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1拮抗miR-193b联合多柔比星对MDA-MB-231细胞活力的抑制作用
讨论
在本研究中,作者发现相比于正常对照组,乳腺癌患者血浆中的miR-193b表达水平显著下调,提示miR-193b可能起肿瘤抑制作用。有文献报道表明miR-193b在其它各种肿瘤类型中也同样发挥抗肿瘤作用,如miR-193b的低表达与胃癌细胞的增殖和转移呈正相关[11],而在胰腺癌细胞中转染miR-193b则能显著抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡[7],这些报道和本研究的结果都提示miR-193b可能是一个抑癌基因。
Mcl-1是Bcl-2蛋白家族中一个重要的抗凋亡蛋白成员,它的高表达和肿瘤细胞的不良预后和多药耐药密切相关[12]。肿瘤细胞中Mcl-1的高表达会显著增强肿瘤细胞的存活能力和对细胞毒性化疗药物的抵抗力,因此肿瘤的发生和发展都伴随着Mcl-1表达的增加[13]。
多柔比星是目前肿瘤化疗的一线药物之一,尽管多柔比星的疗效很好,但是随着多柔比星的反复使用,肿瘤细胞会逐渐产生对多柔比星的耐药性。为了提高多柔比星的疗效,以多柔比星为主的联合用药方案被广泛用于治疗多种肿瘤,如多柔比星联合紫杉醇或吉西他滨等都被证明能推迟肿瘤细胞对多柔比星的耐药,提高化疗效果[14-15]。然而将多柔比星和microRNA联合用药治疗肿瘤目前的研究仍不充分。在本研究中,作者发现miR-193b可显著提高多柔比星对乳腺癌细胞的杀伤效力,通过生物信息学,体外转染miR-193b等方法进一步研究发现Mcl-1是miR-193b的靶点。构建Mcl-1表达载体并在MDA-MB-231细胞中强制表达Mcl-1后,miR-193b对多柔比星的协同抗肿瘤作用丧失,表明miR-193b增加乳腺癌细胞对多柔比星敏感性的分子机制可能是降低细胞内Mcl-1的表达。综上所述,miR-193b/Mcl-1途径与多柔比星的抗乳腺癌活性密切相关,它可能成为肿瘤化疗的一个新的靶点。
Figure 8.pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1 abolished the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with miR-193b plus doxorubicin (2 μmol/L).Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05 vs miR-193b+ doxorubicin group.图8 pcDNA3.1-Mcl-1抑制miR-193b联合多柔比星对MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的诱导效应
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(责任编辑:陈妙玲,罗森)
miR-193b enhances cytotoxicity of doxorubicin by targeting Mcl-1 in breast cancer
YING Xiao,WANG Zai-hong,WANG Zhen-hua
(Clinical Laboratory,Quzhou Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Quzhou 324002,China.E-mail: qzyingxiao@163.com)
[ABSTRACT]AIM: To investigate the effect of microRNA (miR) -193b on doxorubicin therapy in breast cancer in vitro.METHODS: miR-193b level in plasma was detected by real-time PCR in the patients with breast cancer or the healthy controls.MTT assay was performed to measure the inhibitory effect of miR-193b plus doxorubicin on the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells.Bioinformatics,real-time PCR and Western blot were performed to determine whether the expression of Mcl-1 was regulated by miR-193b.Mcl-1 expression vector was constructed,and the role of Mcl-1 vector toward miR-193b plus doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells was observed by MTT assay.RESULTS: Down-regulation of miR-193b was found in breast cancer patients.The miR-193b plus doxorubicin group showed a higher growth inhibition than cisplation group in MDA-MB-231 cells.The expression of Mcl-1 at both mRNA and protein levels was down-regulated after miR-193b transfection.The growth inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with miR-193b plus doxorubicin was significantly decreased after the transfection of Mcl-1 expression vector.CONCLUSION: miR-193b sensitizes doxorubicininduced cytotoxicity by targeting Mcl-1 in breast cancer.
[KEY WORDS]MicroRNA-193b; Mcl-1; Breast cancer; MDA-MB-231 cells; Doxorubicin
通讯作者△Tel: 0570-3086237; E-mail: qzyingxiao@163.com
[收稿日期]2015-04-23[修回日期]2015-05-15
[文章编号]1000-4718(2015)09-1584-05
[中图分类号]R735.7
[文献标志码]A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2015.09.009