腔镜辅助微创甲状旁腺腺瘤切除术14例诊治报告
2015-03-10周京安贺建业
周京安 贺建业 李 洋
(首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院普外科,北京 100029)
·临床研究·
腔镜辅助微创甲状旁腺腺瘤切除术14例诊治报告
周京安 贺建业*李 洋
(首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院普外科,北京 100029)
目的 探讨腔镜辅助微创甲状旁腺腺瘤切除术(minimally-invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy,MIVAP)的安全性与可行性。 方法 回顾性分析2011年4月~2014年9月我科引起原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的甲状旁腺腺瘤14例资料,其中6例同时合并甲状腺病变。术前明确定性及定位诊断,行腔镜辅助小切口甲状旁腺腺瘤切除及甲状腺病灶切除,术中冰冻、术后免疫组化病理检查,术中、术后监测甲状旁腺激素水平变化,术后观察有无声音嘶哑、饮水呛咳、活动性出血发生。结果 14例手术均在腔镜辅助下顺利完成,术中无异常出血,无中转开放手术,手术时间35~60 min,平均50 min。术中出血量1.7~32.0 g,平均9.75 g。术后无暂时性或永久性喉返神经、喉上神经损伤和出血等并发症发生。14例术后随访2~43个月,平均16个月,均无复发。 结论 术前充分定性、定位,辅以术中甲状旁腺激素水平监测,腔镜辅助微创甲状旁腺腺瘤切除及甲状腺病灶切除是安全、可行的。
腔镜辅助微创甲状旁腺手术; 甲状旁腺腺瘤; 原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进
85%~90%的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(primary hyperparathyroidism,PHPT)是由单一腺体病变引起的[1]。近年来,学术界提出使用小切口或腔镜等微创手术方法,对术前已定位的单个甲状旁腺病变进行切除,结合快速术中甲状旁腺激素(intraoperative parathyroid hormone,ioPTH)测定的方法,可以获得与传统双侧探查手术相似的治愈率[1]。我们在熟练施行腔镜辅助微创甲状腺手术的基础上,2011年4月~2014年9月对14例甲状旁腺腺瘤及合并甲状腺良性病变患者行腔镜辅助微创甲状旁腺腺瘤切除(minimally-invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy,MIVAP)及甲状腺病灶切除术,取得良好的治疗效果,现报道如下。
1 临床资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本组14例,均为女性。年龄37~70岁,平均54.5岁。其中5例有骨关节疼痛、进行性乏力、骨质疏松、泌尿系结石等症状;9例无特异临床表现,为体检和(或)误诊为甲状腺疾病时甲状腺彩超发现甲状腺背侧形态规则的低回声包块,与甲状腺分界清晰(图1)。进一步行99mTc甲氧基异丁基异腈(methoxyisobutylisonitrile,MIBI)单光子发射计算机断层显像(single photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)检查早期和120分钟延迟显像均提示甲状腺腺叶背侧放射性摄取增高灶存在,考虑为甲状旁腺腺瘤伴PHPT,病变甲状旁腺位置右上3例,右下6例,左上1例,左下4例;同时通过检测血清全片段甲状旁腺激素(PTH)及血钙水平进一步定性诊断为PHPT,术前PTH 121.7~2683.5 pg/ml,中位数259.35 pg/ml(参考值:12.0~88.0 pg/ml)。术前血钙2.25~3.65mmol/L(参考值:2.20~2.65 mmol/L),其中9例正常,5例2.75~3.65 mmol/L,(3.11±0.38)mmol/L。定位、定性明确诊断,进一步临床分型:肾型2例,骨型2例,肾骨混合型1例,无症状型9例。合并甲状腺病变6例,术前B超证实甲状腺单发(1例)或多发(5例)囊实性结节,左叶2例,右叶4例,最大结节直径3.5 cm,形态规则,边界清晰。
病例选择标准:①单发甲状旁腺腺瘤;②单侧为主甲状腺良性病变。
排除标准:①有颈部放疗史或手术史;②甲状旁腺增生、腺癌或异位甲状旁腺瘤;③伴随甲状腺病变可疑恶性肿瘤且有颈部淋巴结肿大;④合并甲状腺炎。
1.2 方法
手术均由同一治疗组完成。使用强生公司ACE-14S超声刀,Stroz公司5 mm 30°腹腔镜,腔镜辅助甲状腺手术专用器械包。气管内插管全身麻醉,仰卧位,肩部垫高使颈部适当后仰,软敷料保护双眼和鼻尖,常规消毒铺巾。于颈前胸骨凹上方约一横指处沿皮纹做长2~3 cm弧形切口,电刀依次切开皮肤、皮下组织及颈阔肌至颈前肌群表面,颈阔肌下游离皮瓣至环状软骨水平,切开颈白线,分离颈前肌群,用改良的皮肤拉钩向上悬吊牵开颈前肌群,游离患侧甲状腺在带状肌下建立操作空间。导入腹腔镜,按术前定位诊断提示,超声刀分离、凝结、离断患侧甲状腺中静脉,将患侧甲状腺叶向内侧方掀起,探查发现甲状旁腺病灶后,处理相应位置的甲状腺上极或下极血管,精细被膜解剖原则下完整切除甲状旁腺病灶(图2、3)。操作过程中尽量采用钝性剥离,使用吸引器将瘤体周围组织反向力撑开,超声刀尽量贴近瘤体,尤其要注意喉返神经的保护。术中快速冰冻病理切片确诊,切除病灶后10 min、40 min行术中PTH监测;术后次日检测血PTH、钙、磷水平,以后每日复查一次,1周后改为每周复查。腔镜辅助下同时处理伴随甲状腺病变,单发病灶行相应病灶切除(1例),多发者行患侧甲状腺叶次全切除(5例)。冲洗手术野,用超声刀创面止血,放置引流管于切口内或切口下方引出,可吸收线逐层缝合切口。
图1 彩超提示甲状腺左叶中极背侧低回声结节2.5 cm×1.4 cm(箭头所示)及甲状腺右叶低回声结节图2 术中探查发现甲状旁腺腺瘤(箭头所示) 图3 甲状旁腺腺瘤切除后标本
2 结果
14例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间35~60 min,平均50 min。术中出血量1.7~32.0 g(纱布称重法),平均9.75 g。术中冰冻和术后病理均证实甲状旁腺腺瘤,瘤体直径1.2~3.0 cm,平均2.0 cm,术后免疫组化结果PTH(+)。6例合并甲状腺病变证实均为结节性甲状腺肿,免疫组化PTH(-),甲状腺球蛋白(TG)(+),甲状腺转录因子1(TTF-1)(+),除外腺内型甲状旁腺腺瘤可能。术后均无声音嘶哑、饮水呛咳和活动性出血发生。引流管术后2~3 d拔除。
14例切除病灶后10分钟开始PTH均明显下降,其中4例(术前PTH水平相对较低者)术后多次复查PTH、钙、磷水平均在正常范围,其余10例术后PTH快速下降持续低于正常水平,最低达0.7~10.3 pg/ml,中位数3.95 pg/ml,术后2~7日逐渐回升并稳定于正常水平。7例术后12~48小时出现低钙血症,血钙最低1.90~2.15 mmol/L,中位数2.05 mmol/L,伴有程度不等口周、手足麻木症状,无明显手足抽搐发生。补钙原则:予常规静脉输注葡萄糖酸钙,以后逐渐减少静脉补钙,改为口服葡萄糖酸钙1.0 g每日3次,口服骨化三醇(罗盖全)0.25 μg每日2次维持,术后根据复查PTH和血钙水平逐渐停用。
14例术后随访2~43个月,平均16个月,于门诊定期复查PTH和血钙,均处于正常水平,彩超未见复发。骨型PHPT患者术后骨关节疼痛、进行性乏力逐渐缓解,术后1个月消失;骨质疏松和骨膜下骨吸收等骨X线表现,术后3个月开始逐渐好转。肾型患者泌尿系结石于泌尿外科行体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)或经皮肾镜碎石术后未再复发。
3 讨论
PHPT是由于甲状旁腺腺瘤、增生或癌,引起甲状旁腺激素合成与分泌过多,并作用于骨、肾和小肠,而导致的一种以骨和肾病变为主要表现,以钙磷代谢紊乱为基本特征的疾病。无症状PHPT是指临床上没有典型的表现,但血钙和血PTH水平升高者。随着对疾病认知的提升和体检的普遍开展,PHPT病人日渐增多,无症状型PHPT的比例也逐年增大[2]。本组14例中无症状型PHPT 9例,其中5例为近1年收治的患者。甲状旁腺腺瘤有以下特点[3]:①约占PHPT的90%以上,且98%为单发腺瘤;②直径多>2 cm,各种影像学诊断的定位阳性率接近100%。因此,腔镜甲状旁腺腺瘤切除术具有广阔的应用前景。腔镜甲状旁腺手术分为完全腔镜和腔镜辅助2种方式。完全腔镜甲状旁腺腺瘤切除术在国内较早应用,虽然局部美容效果好,但由于颈部解剖复杂,手术操作空间狭窄,因此要求实施此种手术的医师要有丰富的甲状旁腺手术经验和熟练的腔镜操作技术,且创面大,操作技术条件要求较高,学习曲线较长,在临床上推广难度较大[4]。回顾性分析[5~9]表明,对于定位准确且单发的甲状旁腺腺瘤,采用腔镜辅助微创手术方式较为明智。MIVAP手术路径短,直视加腔镜放大作用使颈部组织结构分辨更清楚,切口小,术后疼痛轻,方便探查双侧4个甲状旁腺[10],同时可以方便进行甲状腺病灶的操作[11],且学习曲线短,国外研究报道为15例手术[12]。
甲状旁腺腺瘤经术前准确定位后,成功切除率可达到90%以上[13]。可见若成功施行手术,术前定位诊断尤为重要。定位诊断以99mTc MIBI SPECT为首选,其敏感性、特异性和准确性高,可排除甲状旁腺异位腺瘤,了解单个甲状旁腺腺瘤是腺内型还是腺外型。高频多普勒彩超经济方便,无放射损伤,可重复检查,应作为常规检查,同时便于体表定位和了解是否伴有甲状腺小结节,必要时加做CT检查。但对于病灶较小或同时合并甲状腺结节时,上述检查手段会受到限制。近年来,新的检测方法也成功应用于临床。对于正确定位引起PHPT的甲状旁腺病灶,超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasonography,CEUS)较传统B超敏感性明显提高(98.3% vs. 70%,P<0.001)[14],且花费成本相对较低,可作为甲状旁腺病灶定位诊断的一种常规方法[15]。同时,国外学者在进行着新的尝试,荧光介导下实施甲状旁腺手术也显示出良好的术中定位效果[16]。Adachi等[17]报道术中静脉注射亚甲蓝可使纵隔内甲状旁腺腺瘤染色且边界清晰,经胸腔镜成功切除。
而对于手术切除效果的即时评价,目前通常采用ioPTH。Ozimek等[18]报道其敏感性可达97%,特异性达88%。我们联合采用ioPTH和术中快速冰冻病理,共同保证准确切除甲状旁腺腺瘤。
自从腔镜辅助技术应用于甲状旁腺手术以来,合并结节性甲状腺肿、需要同时行甲状腺病灶切除,往往是手术禁忌。但是,MIVAP手术适应证范围也随着术者技术水平的提高和手术器械的改进不断拓展。De Crea等[19]报道在腔镜辅助下可以安全、有效完成甲状旁腺和甲状腺病灶同期切除。本组6例在腔镜辅助下行甲状旁腺腺瘤切除的同时行甲状腺病灶切除或患侧甲状腺叶次全切除术,无中转开放手术,也进一步说明在选择合适病例前提下,微创腔镜辅助技术完全可以进行甲状旁腺和甲状腺病灶的同期切除。
但本组14例中术后短暂性低钙血症7例,比例较高,可能与中国人甲状旁腺功能亢进病期较长,剩余甲状旁腺抑制较深,需要较长时间复苏有关。
甲状旁腺手术的关键在于彻底切除病变组织,术前对病灶的准确定位、术中PTH快速检测联合术中快速冰冻病理,是保证腔镜辅助下甲状旁腺手术疗效的基本前提,并能避免不必要的双侧腺体探查。
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(修回日期:2014-12-18)
(责任编辑:王惠群)
Minimally-invasive Video-assisted Parathyroidectomy for Parathyroid Adenoma: a Report of 14 Cases
ZhouJing’an,HeJianye,LiYang.
DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,BeijingAnzhenHospitalofCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100029,China
HeJianye,E-mail:anzhenhjy@163.com
Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of minimally-invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy (MIVAP) for parathyroid adenoma (PA). Methods Clinical data of 14 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) caused by PA between April 2011 and September 2014 in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Coexistent thyroid lesions were found in 6 patients. With preoperative definite diagnosis and localization, we performed parathyroidectomy and local excision or lobectomy of the thyroid gland. All the patients were confirmed by intra-operative fast frozen section pathological examination and postoperative pathological immunohistochemistry. Intra- and post-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring was conducted. Hoarseness, choking cough, and active bleeding were observed. Results All the procedures were accomplished successfully, without intra-operative abnormal blood loss or conversion to conventional operation. The operative time was 35-60 min (mean, 50 min); the intra-operative blood loss was 1.7-32.0 g (mean, 9.75 g). Neither transient nor everlasting injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve or superior laryngeal nerve happened. No hemorrhage was observed. All the patients were followed up for 2-43 months (mean, 16 months), during which there was no recurrence. Conclusion MIVAP with thyroidectomy is feasible and safe for PA and coexistent benign thyroid lesions, on the basis of pre-operative adequate diagnosis and proper localization and intra-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring.
Minimally-invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy; Parathyroid adenoma; Primary hyperparathyroidism
R653
A
1009-6604(2015)03-0238-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2015.03.012
2014-11-21)
*通讯作者,E-mail:anzhenhjy@163.com