新生儿完全性肺静脉异位连接外科治疗的临床分析
2015-01-25孙善权李虹邹鹏杨伟建尚宝朋孔娟娟黄景思
孙善权,李虹,邹鹏,杨伟建,尚宝朋,孔娟娟,黄景思
新生儿完全性肺静脉异位连接外科治疗的临床分析
孙善权,李虹,邹鹏,杨伟建,尚宝朋,孔娟娟,黄景思
目的:评估外科手术治疗新生儿完全性肺静脉异位连接(TAPVC)的近中期临床疗效。
方法:2010-11至2014-01,我院确诊为TAPVC的新生儿20例(其中男性15例,女性5例)均接受外科手术治疗。平均手术年龄(10.2±4.8)d,体重(3.2±0.4)kg。所有患儿术前均行超声心动图检查,部分患儿行心脏计算机断层摄影术(CT)检查。术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月及24个月定为临床随访时间,复查以超声心动图为主,必要时复查心电图及X线胸片,怀疑肺静脉梗阻者加做心脏CT检查。
结果:全组无手术早期死亡,晚期死亡1例。平均体外转流时间(83.7±25.5)min,平均主动脉阻断时间(41.0±19.4)min。术后中位机械通气时间4 d(范围2~128 d),中位正性肌力药物支持时间3 d(范围2~128 d),中位住院时间21 d(范围13~128 d)。19例存活者中平均随访(19.5±11.8)个月,其中2例术前有双侧肺静脉发育不良仍伴重度肺动脉高压、心脏功能III级,其余17例恢复良好,心脏功能I~II级。
结论:外科手术治疗新生儿TAPVC近中期疗效满意,伴双侧肺静脉发育不良者预后不佳。
完全性肺静脉异位连接;外科治疗;新生儿
Methods: A total of 20 neonates with TAPVC who received surgical correction in our hospital from 2010-11 to 2014-01 were respectively studied. There were 15 male and 5 female neonates with the average age of (10.2 ± 4.8) days and body weight of (3.2 ± 0.4) kg. All patients received pre-operative echocardiography and some of them received CT examination. The followed-up study was conducted at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after the operation respectively, the patients were mainly examined by echocardiography, ECG and chest X-ray were used as necessary, the cardiac CT would be performed if the patient with suspected pulmonary venous obstruction.
Results: There was no early post-operative death, 1 patient died at late post-operation. The average cardiopulmonary bypass time was (83.7 ± 25.5) minutes and the average aortic cross clamp time was (41.0 ± 19.4) minutes. The median duration of post-operative ventilation time was 4 days with the range from 2 to 128 days, the median inotropic medication supporting time was 3 days with the range from 2 to 128 days, and the median hospitalization time was 21 days with the range from 13 to 128 days. The mean follow-up time for 19 survivors was at (19.5 ± 11.8) months, and 2 of them were with pre-operative bilateral pulmonary vein hypoplasia combining severe pulmonary hypertension and NYHA III; the rest 17 patients recovered well and they had NYHA I to NYHA II.
Conclusion: The short- and mid-term outcomes were good for surgical correction of TAPVC in neonates, the patients with bilateral pulmonary vein hypoplasia had poor prognosis
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2015,30:371.)
完全性肺静脉异位连接(total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, TAPVC)约占先天性心脏病2%,如未及时治疗,大部分在3个月内死亡,如伴发严重肺静脉回流梗阻,多于出生后数日内死亡[1,2]。由于肺静脉连接部位的多样性,外科手术的方法以及结果不尽相同[3-6]。本文报道我们单一心脏中心对20例新生儿TAPVC实施外科手术的近中期临床疗效。
1 资料与方法
一般资料:选择2010-11至2014-01,我院新生儿期接受外科手术治疗的TAPVC(排除合并单心室) 的患儿20例(男15例,女5例)。平均手术年龄(10.2±4.8)d,手术体重(3.2±0.4)kg。所有患儿术前均行超声心动图检查,16例患儿行心脏计算机断层摄影术(CT)检查。20例TAPVC患儿临床分型:心上型9例,其中2例肺静脉共汇连接奇静脉后引流入上腔静脉;心内型6例,其中1例左右肺静脉直接连接右心房;心下型3例,2例肺静脉共汇连接降垂直静脉后引流入门静脉,1例引流入肝静脉;混合型2例,均为3+1型,其左下、右上及右下肺静脉连接肺静脉共汇经降垂直静脉再引流入肝静脉,而左上肺静脉连接垂直静脉经无名静脉再引流入上腔静脉。患儿中伴不同程度肺静脉发育不良或狭窄4例,伴限制性房间隔交通2例,合并主动脉缩窄(CoA)和肌部室间隔缺损(mVSD)各1例。术前需要机械通气9例,因心原性休克或进行性低氧血症而急诊手术8例。
手术方法:所有患儿均在中度低温持续心肺转流下实施手术。正中开胸,体外循环开始前常规游离并结扎动脉导管或韧带。心上型TAPVC矫治时,经横窦切开左心房后壁至左心耳基底部,平行于左心房切口纵行切开肺静脉共汇,连续侧侧吻合左心房与肺静脉共汇,补片修补或直接缝合房间隔缺损(ASD),结扎垂直静脉或奇静脉。心内型TAPVC矫治时,肺静脉共汇连接冠状静脉窦者,先切除冠状静脉窦与卵圆窝之间的间隔组织,延伸至冠状静脉窦顶部,再用自体心包补片连续缝合重建房间隔;若肺静脉共汇连接右心房者,先扩大房间隔缺损,再用自体心包补片将肺静脉隔入左心房。心下型TAPVC矫治时,纵行切开左心房后壁至左心耳基底部,平行于左心房切口纵行切开肺静脉共汇,连续侧侧吻合左心房与肺静脉共干,如降垂直静脉汇入门静脉,则予以保留,若垂直静脉汇入肝静脉或下腔静脉,则在横隔水平予以结扎;保留卵圆孔或缝合房间隔缺损开窗3 mm。混合型TAPVC矫治时,先按上述方法将肺静脉共汇与左心房吻合,再将单支的肺静脉直接吻合至左心房。
术后处理:血流动力学不稳定患儿延迟关胸;术后继续机械通气辅助呼吸功能;静脉给予以肾上腺素、多巴胺及米利农等正性肌力药物支持心脏功能。
随访:术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月及24个月定为临床随访时间,复查以超声心动图为主,必要时复查心电图及X线胸片,怀疑肺静脉梗阻者加做心脏CT检查。
统计学处理方法:运用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS19.0)进行数据分析。正态分布的连续变量以均数±标准差表示,偏态分布的变量以中位数和范围表示,分类变量以数字或者百分比形式表示。
2 结果
手术总体情况:20例患儿全部手术成功且无早期死亡。晚期死亡1例,该患儿术前漏诊主动脉缩窄二期手术矫治后反复肺部感染,术后4个月死于呼吸衰竭。平均体外转流时间(83.7±25.5) min,平均主动脉阻断时间(41.0±19.4) min;延迟关胸6例。术后机械通气时间中位数4 d(范围2~128 d),正性肌力药物支持时间中位数3 d(范围2~128 d),住院时间中位数21 d(范围13~128 d)。
随访结果:19例患儿平均随访时间(19.5±11.8)个月。2例因术前有双侧肺静脉发育不良仍伴重度肺动脉高压、心脏功能III级,其余17例(17/19)恢复良好,心脏功能I~II级,其中2例术前单侧或一支肺静脉发育不良患儿,超声心动图提示一侧肺静脉吻合口血流稍增快。
3 讨论
文献报道,TAPVC外科手术的死亡率为6.7%~15.38%,影响因素包括年龄小于2个月、急诊手术、体外循环时间过长、复合心脏畸形、术后肺动脉高压及肺静脉梗阻等[7-11]。另有连续4年31例婴儿TAPVC无手术死亡的记录,其独立危险因素主要是肺静脉发育不良或狭窄[2]。本组20例新
生儿TAPVC,多于出生后数日内确诊,平均手术年龄10.2 d,无手术早期死亡。我们的经验是,如不伴有肺静脉回流梗阻或限制性房间隔交通,可于围术期严密监护,避免低氧血症、酸中毒和心力衰竭的发生,监护至出生后7~10 d手术,从而提高手术成功率,只有部分患儿病情危重需急诊手术。本组晚期死亡1例,该患儿术前漏诊主动脉缩窄造成难以控制的肺部感染和呼吸衰竭。尽管超声心动图对TAPVC可作出明确诊断,但在判断心外大血管或肺静脉的发育仍存在局限性,我们建议,如果患儿条件允许,应加做心脏CT或磁共振成像(MRI)检查,有助于检出伴发的心血管畸形,制定有效的手术方案及准确评估疾病的预后。
手术早期的并发症主要是肺动脉高压危象。有学者认为采用可调节的结扎方法保留垂直静脉,有助于缓解术后肺动脉高压危象的右心室压力,特别是伴肺静脉梗阻者,若术后出现中度以上肺动脉高压,则不宜结扎垂直静脉[12]。本组患儿心上型的垂直静脉及心下型引流入肝静脉的降垂直静脉,均予以结扎,手术后均未出现药物不可控制的肺高压危象,我们的体会是,保留卵圆孔或房间隔留孔,加之使用血管扩张药物可缓解术后肺动脉高压危象,垂直静脉不需常规保留。低心排出量综合征亦是术后早期较为常见的并发症,本组患儿术前左心室容量均明显减少,术后常规使用肾上腺素作为正性肌力支持均可有效预防低心排出量综合征的发生。
术后肺静脉梗阻,Hyde等[13]认为与术前肺静脉发育不良或狭窄以及肺静脉共汇缺如有关,而血管内膜硬化或增厚所致的内在梗阻较之局部解剖导致的外在梗阻预后差。近年来,有学者将其归因于叶内肺静脉广泛纤维化而不是左心房与肺静脉吻合口的梗阻[2]。球囊扩张、血管支架或再手术等仍是目前治疗肺静脉梗阻的方法[13]。“无内膜接触缝合”技术在本组患儿并无常规应用,仅在个别肺静脉共汇发育较差者采用。本组2例急诊手术患儿,术中发现双侧肺静脉发育不良,术后早期使用血管扩张药物可缓解肺动脉高压危象,但不能使肺动脉高压逆转,目前已分别随访17个月及12个月,超声心动图提示仍伴重度肺动脉高压,心功能III级,药物治疗效果不佳,由此推测本组2例术后肺静脉梗阻与术前肺静脉发育不良有关。Sinzobahamvya等[3]认为术后1年内进行性肺静脉纤维化仍为不可预测的罕见的死亡原因。关于TAPVC术后肺静脉梗阻的发生、发展及转归,仍需积累更多的病例、寻求更科学的方法进行分析。
多中心研究显示,外科手术后3年及20年的生存率分别是85.2%和83.4%,95%以上心脏功能I~II级。远期死亡的危险因素是手术体重低于2.5 kg及术后肺动脉高压危象[14]。本组17例(17/19)在平均19.5个月的随访中,无临床症状,活动耐力基本正常,心功能I~II级,疗效满意,远期预后有待进一步随访。
综上所述, TAPVC于新生儿期实施外科手术,可获满意的近中期临床疗效,伴双侧肺静脉发育不良者预后不佳。
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Clinical Analysis for Surgical Correction of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection in Neonates
SUN Shan-quan, LI Hong, ZOU Peng, YANG Wei-jian, SHANG Bao-peng, KONG Juan-juan, HUANG Jing-si. The Cardiac Center, Guangdong Women and Children’s Hospital, Guangzhou (511442), Guangdong, China
Objective: To evaluate the short- and mid-term outcomes for surgical correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) in neonates.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection; Surgical correction; Neonates
2014-04-17)
(编辑:梅 平)
511442 广东省广州市,广东省妇幼保健院 广东省儿童医院 心脏中心
孙善权 副主任医师 学士 主要从事心血管病外科治疗 Email: brightsun999@163.com
李虹 Email:rainylh1829@qq.com
R541
A
1000-3614(2015)04-0371-03
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2015.04.017