创伤后应激障碍与衰老*
2015-01-21董原君张桂青
董原君 张桂青
①中国.新疆石河子大学医学院(新疆石河子) 832002 E-mail:ktpdwawj@163.com ②新疆石河子大学医学院第一附属医院832002 E-mail:firstli@126.com △通讯作者
人类进入现代社会后,由于众多错综复杂的原因而引起自然灾害与人为灾难频繁发生,这些突发公共事件发生后,生存环境的破坏、躯体的伤残或许在短期内能够得到改善,但由此引发的心理危机可能会给个体和社会带来严重而持久的影响,从而产生应激相关障碍。创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)发病与精神创伤直接相关,在精神疾病最权威的诊断系统-美国精神障碍诊断统计手册(DSM-5)的疾病分类中是比较独特的诊断,从创伤后应激障碍的临床症状学看,患者在不断的“闪回”中持续性焦虑、恐惧,并出现高警觉症状[1]。
部分患者最终走向精神残疾或因无法承受痛苦而自杀,这些表现部分从神经免疫研究中寻根得到了相应的理论支持。
PTSD 是个体遭受威胁或灾难性精神创伤,导致延迟出现和长期持续的精神障碍[2],现已成人类第四大最常见的精神障碍。在精神心理疾病中,PTSD是最能导致严重后果的几种疾病之一,越来越多的证据表明,PTSD 可以对健康产生慢性的不良影响[3-5]。目前研究发现,PTSD 与年龄相关疾病(如心血管疾病、免疫性疾病、神经变性疾病)的风险和早期死亡率增加具有相关性[6-8]。有证据表明,持续的精神应激可以促进年龄相关疾病的进程及过早死亡的发生。而端粒与细胞的衰老,与人的死亡又密切相关。下面,我们将试着从端粒长度与细胞衰老的角度来介绍PTSD 的研究进展。
1 PTSD 与端粒长度
端粒最早由Muller 在20 世纪30年代提出,这个术语是由希腊单词的“末端”(Telos)和“部分”(Meros)组成[9]。端粒是位于染色体末端的一段非编码性的六聚体重复序列(TTAGGG),由端粒DNA和端粒蛋白质组成,会随着每一次细胞分裂而变短,对维持染色体的稳定和功能有重要作用[10]。在不同的体细胞,端粒长度各不相同,但均随着年龄的增加而逐渐缩短。
以往的实验和纵向研究已经表明,较短的端粒长度与疾病的易感性、年龄相关疾病、早期死亡的高风险具有相关性[11-13]。目前,端粒在细胞衰老和许多相关疾病中的作用已经越来越清晰,因此,端粒长度被认为是包括精神疾病在内的许多疾病和过早死亡的细胞标记物而被越来越多的重视[14-15]。
以往的研究发现,端粒长度和性别与年龄[16]、肥胖[17-18]、吸烟与饮酒[19]、高血压[20]、高脂血症[21]以及许多慢性疾病如代谢性疾病或癌症[22-24]均有不同程度的相关性。当前,端粒在疾病和衰老中的作用已经成为研究热点。最新的研究显示,除了生化刺激(例如氧化应激、炎症),精神创伤性应激相关疾病也与端粒缩短有关[25-26]。白细胞端粒缩短已经在精神分裂症[27]、难治性精神分裂症[28]、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停症[29]、偏头痛[30]、轻度认知障碍[31]和阿尔茨海默病[32]中被研究报道。研究表明,那些患有PTSD、抑郁症、广泛性焦虑障碍的患者相对于一般健康群体,除了长期的精神心理困扰着他们以外,往往具有更高的慢性疾病患病率和死亡率,如心血管疾病、脑血管疾病、代谢性疾病和癌症。[33-36]
在慢性应激的个体,反复和长时间的应激反应对于白细胞端粒缩短的速度加快是一个潜在的重要因素。特别是在经历过童年创伤的受试者,其端粒长度更短。Drury 等[37]的研究第一次将人们早年的苦难对端粒长度的直接影响进行量化。一项研究发现,童年时经历过严重创伤的成年人要比没有此遭遇的人们,更容易拥有较短的端粒[38-39]。Aoife 等人[14]的研究发现,在排除了基础身体疾病、药物使用、肥胖、酗酒和怀孕等混杂因素后,PTSD 患者比对照组有更短的端粒长度,并且发现童年创伤与PTSD患者端粒长度缩短相关。拥有更高水平的应激激素皮质醇和儿茶酚胺的个人展示出更短的端粒长度[40]。因此,我们认为持续的精神应激可以促进年龄相关疾病的进程及过早死亡的发生,端粒的加速缩短是生活方式和精神应激(例如PTSD)的直接反应。
2 PTSD 与细胞衰老
PTSD 的应激作用是以一种累积增加的方式出现,典型的表现是,创伤后应激障碍患者将在病程中持久的通过闪回来重新体验他们的创伤性生活事件。有证据表明[41-43],端粒长度显著缩短需要一个长的时间周期,或者调节剂量/反应关系产生实质性的影响来加速端粒长度的损耗。事实上,随时间接触到多个或重复的应激会导致神经、内分泌及免疫介导的一系列改变,导致产生一系列的不良健康失衡,这个过程被称为“适应负荷”(Allostatic Load,AL)[44]。
“适应负荷”为整个生命过程中的应激积累所带来的生理改变提供了理论基础[45]。研究表明,适应负荷越高则生理失调越广泛,疾病和过早死亡的风险越大[46-49]。例如,健康的慢性应激个体(如长期病患儿童及家庭照顾者痴呆个体的产妇照顾者)显示出显著缩短的白细胞端粒长度,相比于年龄匹配的对照组[26]。而在一项研究中,端粒长度与照顾的长期性呈负相关(即妇女照顾的应激累计持续时间越长则端粒的缩短越显著),在该研究中,两组间的平均端粒碱基对(bp)之差,相比于无应激妇女大约是加速生物衰老了9~17年[25]。Parks 等人[50]在647名女性患乳腺癌患者的流行病学研究发现,减少的端粒长度与其对应激的感受相关,特别是在≥55 岁的妇女或有一个最近的重大损失,或有较高的早晨尿肾上腺素水平妇女。Sibille 等人[51]研究了有或没有慢性骨关节痛的病人,发现减少的端粒长度在那些有慢性痛和高应激的患者,相比较于对照组。Malan 等人[52]发现较短的端粒长度在被强奸后发展为PTSD 的妇女中,相比较于没有发展为PTSD 的组。
研究发现,PTSD 与身体系统的调节异常相关,而这种调节异常与生物学衰老相关[53-54]。PTSD 患者端粒长度缩短的可能机制是PTSD 伴随HPA 轴功能失调所致的炎症活动和增加交感神经系统的激活有关[55-57]。这种炎症活动可能促进端粒缩短是通过增加细胞更新和促进活性氧的释放(通过氧化应激损害端粒DNA)[53,58]。PTSD 患者通常伴有HPA 轴的机能失调。增加的交感神经系统活性和升高的炎症活性[55-57],这些均使他们端粒缩短加速。
最近美国的一项研究发现,在伊拉克和阿富汗战争中服役的特种作战部队士兵中患有PTSD 的要比非PTSD 的有更短的端粒[59]。即使控制了年龄混杂因素仍然是这样,说明细胞衰老的血液标志水平的差异在有PTSD 的和非PTSD 的受试者是有意义的。这些最近的数据表明,端粒长度的分布在PTSD组和非PTSD组是不同的。年龄的影响在PTSD 患者中难以发觉,是因为PTSD 患者已经有了端粒的缩短,导致年龄因素所致的缩短较难发觉。
3 总结与展望
创伤后应激障碍是一种严重的、持久的、并且能够让人衰弱的创伤相关疾病,显著损害正常功能及生活质量,直接或间接对人的心理产生巨大影响[60]。
研究显示,端粒加速变短是生活方式和精神应激的直接反应,所以我们认为端粒长度可能是一个预测PTSD 患者衰老的分子生物学标记,通过积极的干预有可能降低PTSD 远期年龄相关疾病的发生率及死亡率。
以往的研究虽然带给我们许多启示,但我们必须注意到,以往的研究存在的局限性。
首先,以往的研究多是在人体,尽管心理测评数据和血液样品的收集是在同一时间,但仍有些问题不可避免:①应激事件发生在每一个人身上是不同的(性质不同、时间不同、强度不同);②每个人自身情况也不同(年龄、性别、体重、基础疾病);③研究多为横断面研究,缺少纵向研究支持;④随访难度大,病员流失问题突出。
其次,许多已发表的文章多是基于最初设计用于其他目的的研究,是用二次分析方法测量血库标本的端粒长度来研究的,这不利于排除标准,可能会增大混杂偏倚的影响。
再次,作为一个新兴的领域,有利于积极成果的发表偏倚可能夸大这个领域的显著性。
从发展观角度看,三级预防策略可能逆转疾病的进程,积极的应对方式对保持身心健康有益,而消极的应对方式对健康有害[61]。研究PTSD 症状学特征与TL 相关的分子生物学机制,有利于我们积极临床干预,降低年龄相关疾病的人口负担,使人们保持健康。因此,探寻PTSD 的发生发展规律和它对人类健康与疾病的影响机制是一项紧迫而重要的任务。
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