使用非谓语动词的七大原则

周建林

原则一：用作目的状语时，原则上要用不定式。

1. When asked why he went there，he said he was sent there _____ for a space flight.

A. training B. being trained

C. to have trained D. to be trained

解析：由于进行航空飞行训练是他被派往那儿的目的，所以要用不定式，排除选项A 和 B。另外，由于“他”与“训练”为被动关系，所以选 D。

2. _____ this cake，youll need 2 eggs，175g sugar and 175g flour.

A. Having made B. Make

C. To make D. Making

解析：解答此题，首先要分析“_____ this cake”和“youll need 2 eggs，175g sugar and 175g flour”这两部分之间的逻辑关系。句意为“你之所以需要这些原材料，是为了做这块蛋糕”。“_____ this cake”是一个目的状语，所以选C。

原则二：用作伴随状语时，原则上要用现在分词。

3. As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not _____，and asked myself what I was going to do.

A. moved B. moving

C. to move D. being moved

解析：因为伴随状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为主动关系，且表示当时持续了一会儿，所以选B。

4. The girl was left alone in the room，_____ bitterly.

A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry

解析：伴随状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为主动关系，选B。

现在分词作伴随状语与不定式作目的状语的区别：作伴随状语的现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生且前面常常带一逗号，而作目的状语的不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作之后发生，且前面不能用逗号。

原则三：用作结果状语时，可用现在分词或不定式。

其原则区别是：一般用现在分词表示一定逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之中；不定式用作结果状语，表示非逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之外。

5. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_____ in the natural light during the day.

A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let

解析：此处用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，选B。

6. He hurried to the station，only _____ that the train had left.

A. to find B. finding

C. found D. to have found

解析：only to do sth. 在此表示出人意料的结果，选A。

原则四：含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。但是，如果所涉及的动作尚未发生，就用不定式的被动式；如果所涉及的动作正在进行，就用现在分词的被动式。

7. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _____.

A. to be heard B. to have heard

C. hearing D. being heard

解析：根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，要用被动式，因此可排除选项B和C。另外，由于“设法被听见”为目的状语，动作当时尚未发生，要用不定式，所以选 A。

8. When she came in，she was surprised to find a stranger _____ at the back of the classroom with his eyes _____ upon her.

A. seating；fixing B. to seat；fixing

C. having seated；fixed D. seated；fixed

解析：seat是强调状态的动词，seated相当于sitting。fix ones eyes upon表示“盯着看”，此处表示被动，所以选D。

原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致。

9. Faced with a bill for $10，000，_____.

A. John has taken an extra job

B. the boss has given John an extra job

C. an extra job has been taken

D. an extra job has been given to John

解析：sb. is faced with sth. 相当于 sb. faces sth.，结合语境可知，faced的逻辑主语应该是John，所以选A。

10. While watching television，_____.

A. the door bell rang

B. the doorbell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring

D. we heard the doorbell rings

解析：因为 watching 的逻辑主语一定是人，所以排除选项 A 和 B。又因为在hear后作宾语补足语的是省略了 to 的不定式，所以选项 D 中的 rings 是错误的。选C。

原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式 （根据情况可用不定式的完成式或现在分词的完成式）。

11. _____ from other continents for millions of years，Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world.

A. Being separated B. Having separated

C. Having been separated D. To be separated

解析：因为 Australia 与 separate 是被动关系，且 separate发生在谓语动作 has 之前，所以用现在分词的完成被动式，作原因状语。选C。

12. The manager，_____ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us，left the meeting room.

A. who has made B. having made

C. made D. making

解析：因为the manager 与 make 是主谓关系，且 make 发生在谓语动作 left 之前，所以用现在分词的完成式作状语，having made 相当于 who had made。选B。

原则七：名词后作定语原则上用不定式，表示动作尚未发生；用现在分词，表示动作正在进行；用过去分词，表示动作的被动和完成。

13. There will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting _____ the day after tomorrow.

A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held

解析：因为会议还未举行，所以应用不定式to hold，作meeting的后置定语。又由于hold与meeting之间为动宾关系，所以要用不定式的被动式。选D。

14. There are hundreds of visitors _____ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings.

A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait

解析：此处表示正在进行的动作，现在分词短语放在名词的后面修饰名词，相当于一个定语从句，选C。

15. “Things _____ never come again！”I couldnt help talking to myself.

A. lost B. losing C. to lost D. have lost

解析：因为lose与名词things是动宾关系，表示被动，所以用过去分词lost修饰。选A。引号内为省略句，我们可以理解为：Things （which are） lost never come again！（作者单位：湖南衡东县二中）

（责任编校 彭益）