非谓语动词的五种确定思路

邹国如

一、 分析句子成分，确定非谓语动词

非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式和动名词，它们在句子中充当某个句子成分。分词可充当状语、定语、表语和补足语，不定式可充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和表语，动名词在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语和表语。因此，我们在做有关非谓语动词的试题时，可以通过分析句子成分来确定空白处应填非谓语动词的哪种形式。

例1 One morning，I was waiting at the bus stop，worried about _______（be）late for school.

简析：about是介词，介词后面可接动名词作宾语，据此可判断此处填being。

例2 _______（earn）some money to pay the daily expenses， I started work in a local café as a waiter.

简析：根据句意“为了赚钱支付日常开销”可知，此处应填不定式“To earn”，作目的状语。

例3 It took years of work _______（reduce）the industrial pollution and clean the water.

简析：it作形式主语，此处应填不定式to reduce，作真正的主语。

例4 There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very _______ （disappoint）.

简析：looked是系动词，后面应该接形容词作表语，此处用过去分词disappointed表示“感到失望的”。

二、分析逻辑主语，确定非谓语动词

所有的非谓语动词都有其逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语或表语，其逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语；非谓语动词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词；非谓语动词作补足语，其逻辑主语就是句子的宾语或主语。因此，根据非谓语动词的逻辑主语，我们可以准确判断用非谓语动词的哪种形式。

例5 Clearly and thoughtfully _______，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.

A. writing B. to write

C. written D. being written

简析：选C。过去分词短语作状语，written的逻辑主语是the book，且存在逻辑上的被动关系。

例6 The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras _______ to our shop for quality problems.

A. returning B. returned

C. to return D. to be returned

简析：选B。过去分词短语作定语，其逻辑主语是the cameras，相当于定语从句that are returned。

例7 There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland， _______ at the night sky.

A. to stare B. staring

C. stared D. having stared

简析：选B。现在分词短语作伴随状语，staring的逻辑主语是“I”。

三、分析动作时间，确定非谓语动词

非谓语动词表示的动作具有时间性，可表示已经完成的动作，也可表示正在进行的动作。这种时间性必须参照谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间，若非谓语动词的动作比谓语动词的动作发生得早，则用完成式；若非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，则可用一般式或进行式。一般来说，及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成的动作，由不及物动词转变而来的过去分词表示主动和完成的动作。因此，我们在解非谓语动词试题时，应分析动作的时间性，以帮助我们准确判断用非谓语动词的何种形式。

例8 _______ the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.

A. Spending B. Spent

C. Having spent D. To spend

简析：选C。spend这个动作发生在谓语动词appears表示的动作之前，因此用现在分词的完成式。

例9 There are still many problems _______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.

A. solving B. solved

C. being solved D. to be solved

简析：选D。不定式短语作定语，修饰many problems。不定式作定语可表示将要发生的动作。

例10 Today，we have chat rooms，text messaging， emailing ... but we seem _______ the art of communicating face-to-face.

A. losing B. to be losing

C. to be lost D. having lost

简析：选B。不定式的进行式作表语，表示动作正在进行，相当于进行时态。

四、分析动词语态，确定非谓语动词

现在分词、动词不定式与动名词都有主动语态和被动语态，我们可根据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系来确定用哪种语态。若是主动关系，则用主动语态；若是被动关系，则用被动语态。

例11 The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore，he can go shopping without _______.

A. recognizing B. being recognized

C. having recognized D. having been recognized

简析：选B。介词without后面接动名词，且动词recognize与其逻辑主语he存在被动关系，用动名词的被动语态。

例12 Today there are more airplanes _______ more people than ever before in the skies.

A. carry B. carrying

C. carried D. to be carrying

简析：选B。现在分词短语作定语，修饰名词more airplanes。现在分词表示主动的动作。原句可改为：Today there are more airplanes that carry more people than ever before in the skies.

例13 The airport _______ next year will help promote tourism in this area.

A. being completed B. to be completed

C. completed D. having been completed

简析：选B。不定式短语作定语，修饰the airport，表示动作将要发生，且complete与其逻辑主语the airport存在被动关系，用不定式的被动语态。

五、分析复合结构，确定非谓语动词

非谓语动词的复合结构包括不定式的复合结构、动名词的复合结构以及with的复合宾语结构。不定式的复合结构是for sb. to do sth.，动名词的复合结构由“名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+动名词”构成。在非正式英语中，动名词的复合结构若不是出现在主语的位置，则可用名词的普通格代替所有格或用代词的宾格代替形容词性物主代词。with的复合宾语结构由“with+宾语+非谓语动词”构成。

例14 The discovery of new evidence led to _______.

A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief

C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught

简析：选C。the thief being caught是动名词的复合结构，作led to的宾语。

例15 John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work _______，he gladly accepted it.

A. finished B. finishing

C. having finished D. was finished

简析：选A。考查with的 复合宾语结构。过去分词finished表示被动和完成的动作。

（作者单位：江西新干县新干中学）

（责任编校 彭益）