中国英语在林语堂《苏东坡传》中的体现
2014-12-12安悦悦
安悦悦
(宁夏大学外国语学院)
中国英语在林语堂《苏东坡传》中的体现
安悦悦
(宁夏大学外国语学院)
作者通过阅读林语堂的《苏东坡传》发现中国英语在该作品中的使用非常明显且普遍,具体体现在词汇、句法、语篇、语用和修辞等方面。中国英语在文学作品中的使用表明中国英语是可理解的,而且它承载着中国特色文化,是对外传播中国文化的有效工具。
中国英语 文化身份 文化传播
一、引言
中国英语在英语的全球化与本土化过程中应运而生。英语越来越多地被中国人创新地使用在中国语境中,且尤以中国人的英语文学创作为甚。在本土文学作品中挖掘中国英语的文化身份,可以拓展人们对中国英语的认识,说明中国英语的使用可以凸显出中国文化特色,对外它可以传播中国文化,对内其继承着中国本土文化。在 《苏东坡传》(The Gay Genius: The Life and Times of Su Tongpo)中可以找到很多中国英语的表达,作者通过阅读和分析,发现中国英语的使用覆盖了词汇、句子、语篇等层面。中国作者的英语作品可以反映中国文化气候和中国人的思维习惯。一些谚语、习语、古语、称呼语等的表达都可以传达中国文化特色和价值观。
二、中国英语在《苏东坡传》中的具体体现
在林语堂《苏东坡传》中,一些中国特色的人名、地名、建筑物等名称都能反映出中国作家对英语的创造性使用。例如:
朝代名称:Sung Dynasty宋朝,“Yuanyu”(1086-1093)元祐,Southern Sung Dynasty南宋,Chiayu嘉祐, Chou Dynasty周朝,Warring Kingdoms战国……
帝王名称:Huitsung徽宗,Shiaotsung孝宗,Jentsung仁宗,Shining熙宁,reign of Shentsung神宗,Ingtsung英宗,the first emperor of Chin秦始皇,Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty汉武帝……
人名:Tu Fu杜甫,Szema Kuang司马光,Wang Anshih王安石,Huang Tingchien黄庭坚,“Literary Patriotic Duke”文忠公,Ouyang Shiu欧阳修,Su Shun苏洵,Su Cheh(Tseyu)子由,Fan Chungyen范仲淹,Chiang Taikung姜太公,Grand Imperial Tutor太师,hanlin翰林,Chuko Ling诸葛亮,Liang Chichao梁启超……
地名:Hankow汉口,Szechuen四川,Hopei河北,Shantung山东,Chengtu成都,Loyang洛阳,Shensi陕西,Anhuei安徽,Honan河南,Fengshiang凤翔,Shangchow商周,Kansuh甘肃,Yangchow扬州,Nanking南京,Canton广东,Hangchow杭州……
建筑物名称:Wenteh Palance文德殿,Tamingfu大明府,Tuan Gate端门,Red Sparrow Gate朱雀门, national college国子监,imperial temples太庙,Chenshing Temple真兴寺,Pavilion of Joyful Rain喜雨亭,the great wall(third century B.C.)长城……
交通工具:officials’horse官车,bull carts牛车, sedan chairs轿子,two-wheeled carts二轮车……
文人级别:chinshih进士,literati士林……
山河湖海等名称:Omei Mountain峨眉山,Yangtse River长江,China Sea东海,Loshan乐山,frog’s Jowl Hill蟆颐山,Yangtse Gorges三峡,Chutang Gorge瞿塘峡,Wu Gorge巫峡,Wei River渭河,Tsiling Mountains秦岭,Taipo Mountain太白山,Black Water Vally黑水盆地……
特定时期的中国文学作品名:All Men are Brotheers《水浒传》,Later Han History《后汉书》,Sung History《宋史》,Fairy Girl《神女赋》,Tang History《唐史》,Record on the Terrace for Stepping on the Void 《凌虚台记》,Pien Chien Lun《辨奸论》,Mirror of History《资治通鉴》……
中西方文化差异也体现在宗教信仰方面。在《苏东坡传》中出现的此类词语,如:bodhisattvas菩萨,Buddha Julai如来佛,the Goddess of Mercy观音娘娘,God of Wisdom势至菩萨,the ruler of the skies天藏王,the Ruler of the Earth谢冤王,Great Stone Buddha四川大佛,Dragon God龙王……
其他中国特色的英语词汇表达:palace examination殿试,In years of good crops (丰收年),Taoist道士,Kin(Manchrurian)金人,Grand Imperial Tutor圣旨,fine/good writing佳作,confucianist poetry儒诗,scholar painting文人画,Eight Great Prose Master of the Tang and Sung Dynasties唐宋八大家,big-hearted and generous豪迈慷慨,“hourglass”更漏,Taoist priest道士,Kins金,Liao辽,Shishia西夏,Siberian契丹,belles-lettres文坛,Three Kingdoms三国,the yang and the yin阳和阴,mourning period守孝期,the worship of Heaven in spring春祭,paochia保甲法,national treasury国库,Seedling loans青苗法贷款,price equalization granaries常平仓,draft-aid tax助设金,Wang Anshih's reforms王安石变法,new excise tax新商税,secret agents特务,people cried with joy感激涕零,making pictures,imperial censor御史,friend of everybody老好人,monopolist exploiters垄断剥削者,imperial house皇室,bodily mutilation肉刑,greatfriend好友,Western Capital西京……
通过以上各类中国特有文化事物名称我们发现,为了让读者能够理解中国文化,中国作家在其英文文学作品中通常将中国文化与英语语言混合使用,汉语拼音与英语的混合使用是中国英语最大的特色之一。
由于意识形态及文化的差异,不同的民族对比喻、谚语及惯用语的运用也各有不同,在《苏东坡传》中,如:
(1)“Literature is like genuine gold and good jade,”Su wrote to Shieh Minshih.(文章如精金美玉)(林,14)
(2)Fat and soft in appearance,he had the strength of steel in his character.(内心坚如磐石)(林,145)
(3)Roughly,good writing is like the sailing of clouds or flowing of water,moving forward where it is natural flow of thoughts and language arises its wayward,abundant charm.(文章如行云流水)(林,14)
(4)Such is the factual manner in which many of the Taoist recluses were supposed to have“ascended to Heaven”.(升天)(林,34)
(5)The palace occupied the center of the city,beginning in the south with a long stretch of stone and brick wall below the Shuantch Tower,with an elaborate bas-relief of dragons and phoenixes,while above showed the glittering roofs of the palaces,made with glazed titles of variegated colors.(龙凤)(林,51)
(6)Such is the Chinese religion of common sense which made a writer in the earliest classic say,“Consult the oracles after you have made up your mind what to do.”(尽人事,听天命)(林,98)
(7)He wanted to equalize wealth by “taking it away from the rich and giving it to the poor.(劫富济贫)(林,109)
(8)It was the basis of Chinese political philosophy that a good government“kept the channels of opinion open”and a bad government did not.(广开言路)(林, 112)
(9)“An expression lacking literary beauty cannot survive very long”said Confucius.(孔子曰:“言之不文,行之不远。”)(林,14)
(10)Su Shun characterized him in a rhetorical flourish as“dressed in a barbarian’s robe and eating the food of pigs and dogs,”(衣臣虏之衣,食犬髭之食)and said that,“he discussed history and poetry with a convict's unshaven head and unwashed face.”(囚首丧面) (林,97-98).
(11)The government took away the burden of military service from the people with one hand(一手)by making them pay for the “exemption,”and put it back on the people with the other.(另一手)(林,116)
(12)Some fifty items of Wang Anshih's etymology have survived to this day,chiefly as after-dinner pleasantries.(饭后谈资)(林,119)
(13)Duanquan is remembered by posterity as the author of the famous saying,“Let them all laugh who want to laugh,a good official post is mine.”(笑骂从汝,好官我自为之)(林,131)
(14)Can we talk in a calm and dispassionate manner?By all Confucian standard,Wang lost face and left ashamed of himself.(丢脸)(林,133)
(15)There was,therefore,a long exchange of letters between Han Chi and the court,and the retired premier specifically pointed out that what the state capitalist of the Han Dynasty had done in squeezing the life blood of the people in order to fill the emperor’s war chest could hardly be considered a measure to “enrich the country”.(人民的血汗)(林,135)
(16)The Emperor refused to listen to Wang's advice,and permittee Fu Pi to keep his small job.(小官)(林,157)
(17)What the beautiful legend seems to say is that Chiang was a kind and fair person,and if a fish jumped three feet out of the water to be caught by his hook,it was the fish's own fault.(姜太公钓鱼,愿者上钩)(林, 81)
(18)He was the big frog in a little puddle.(井底之蛙)(林,100)
通过对林语堂的《苏东坡传》的粗略阅读与分析,作者发现中国英语在中国人创作的英语文学作品中的创造性使用完全可以证明中国英语的客观存在。它是英语适应中国文化的必然结果。中国英语中的直译和音译等语言现象都是用来表达中国特有文化事物的必要语言技巧。
三、结论
英语作为国际通用语,是属于全世界的语言财富。英语的全球化与本土化加速了各类英语变体的出现,从而促进了世界文化的交流。英语越来越多地承载着世界各种特色文化,成为传播全球地域文化的载体。中国英语作为世界英语大家庭的一员,它是中国文化的载体,是中国民族身份的象征。中国英语能以其可理解性与可接受性将中国特色文化继承并传播。
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