FUT4和LeY在子宫内膜异位症中的表达及临床意义
2014-11-17张莉汪霆
张莉 汪霆(等)
[摘要] 目的 探讨FUT4和LeY在子宫内膜异位症患者中的表达情况及其临床价值。 方法 选择2010年3月~2012年6月辽宁省大连市妇幼保健院(以下简称“我院”)妇产科经腹腔镜手术证实为子宫内膜异位症的70例患者,将患者分为在位内膜组和异位内膜组,每组各35例。同时选择同期我院行手术治疗的单纯子宫肌瘤患者35例为对照组。采用免疫组化、RT-PCR检测三组患者子宫内膜组织中FUT4和LeY的表达情况,并对其变化的意义进行评价和分析。 结果 ①与对照组比较,在位内膜组和异位内膜组患者的FUT4阳性表达率均明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),异位内膜组FUT4的阳性表达率高于在位内膜组(P < 0.05);②与对照组比较,在位内膜组和异位内膜组患者的LeY的阳性表达率均明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),异位内膜组LeY的阳性表达率高于在位内膜组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);③与对照组比较,FUT4在异位内膜组和在位内膜组中的阳性表达率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),异位内膜组FUT4的阳性表达率高于在位内膜组(P < 0.05)。 结论 FUT4和LeY不仅在子宫内膜异位症的形成和发展过程中发挥着重要作用,其在胚胎黏附、植入过程中也起着重要作用,而FUT4是LeY合成的关键酶,当其表达量高于某一临界值时,会诱发子宫内膜异位症,影响胚胎的正常着床,从而进一步导致不孕。
[关键词] 子宫内膜异位症;子宫内膜;FUT4;LeY
[中图分类号] R711.71 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2014)10(b)-0038-05
Expression of fucosyltransferase 4 and Lewis Y in endometriosis and its clinical significance
ZHANG Li1 WANG Ting1 SUN Lin1 WANG Xiaobin2▲ LI Xiaodong3▲
1.Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dalian Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Dalian City, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116033, China; 2.Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Liaoning Provincial Tumor Hospital, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110042, China; 3.Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Cancer Center, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116044, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the expression of LeY and FUT4 in patients with endometriosis and its clinical value. Methods 70 patients with endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopic surgery from March 2010 to June 2012 in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Dalian City(“our hospital” for short), and these patients were divided into eutopic endometrial group and ectopic endometrial group, with 35 patients in each group. 35 patients with uterine fibroids alone in our hospital during the same period were also selected as the control group. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of FUT4 and LeY in endometrial tissues of three groups, the significance of their changes were evaluated and analyzed. Results ①Compared with the control group, the positive expression rate of FUT4 in eutopic endometrial group and ectopic endometrium group were significantly improved, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the positive expression rate of FUT4 in ectopic endometrial group was higher than that in the eutopic endometrial group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). ②Compared with the control group, positive expression rate of LeY in the eutopic endom etrial group and ectopic endometrium group were significantly improved, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), positive expression rate of LeY in the ectopic endometrial group was higher than that in the eutopic endometrial group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). ③Compared with the control group, positive expression rate of FUT4 in the ectopic endometrial group and eutopic endometrial group was significantly higher, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), while the positive expression rate of FUT4 in the ectopic endometrial group was higher than that in the eutopic endometrial group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion FUT4 and LeY not only plays an important role in the formation and development of endometriosis but also in embryonic adhesion and implantation process, especially FUT4 is a key enzyme in the synthesis of LeY, while if a certain threshold is reached with its high expression, it will induce endometriosis, affecting the normal implantation of the embryo, which further leads to infertility.
[Key words] Endometriosis; Endometrium; FUT4; LeY
子宫内膜异位症是具有生长功能的子宫内膜腺体或间质异位在子宫腔外,如在生殖器、腹膜、膀胱和直肠形成浸润性病灶,个别发生在腹腔外。近年来,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势,严重影响妇女生活质量。子宫内膜异位症虽是一种良性疾病,却具有类似恶性肿瘤的黏附、侵袭等特点,并且该病具有复发性,具体的分子机制目前还不清楚。而近年来对岩藻糖基化寡糖路易斯寡糖-Y(Lewis Y,LeY)及岩藻糖基转移酶Ⅳ(fucosyltransferases 4,FUT4)是催化岩藻糖化寡糖LeY合成的关键酶的研究成为热点之一,有文献报道lewis寡糖在胚胎发育、炎症及肿瘤的转移过程中也发挥着重要作用[1]。子宫内膜异位症是一种与不孕密切相关的妇科疾病,但至今,对子宫内膜异位症不孕的发病机制尚不清楚[2]。近年大量的研究表明,异位子宫内膜细胞与在位子宫内膜细胞有重要的生化差异,如子宫内膜细胞中整合素、芳香化酶、一氧化氮合酶等表达的差异,在子宫内膜异位症导致不孕的发生中起着重要作用[3-5]。本研究通过检测FUT4和LeY在子宫内膜异位症患者中的表达情况,旨在探究胚胎着床与子宫内膜异位症的关系,为子宫内膜异位症不孕的发病机制提供新的理论依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2010年3月~2012年6月辽宁省大连市妇幼保健院妇产科经腹腔镜手术证实为子宫内膜异位症的70例患者,所有患者均为子宫腺肌症。年龄28~45岁,平均(37.5±5.7)岁,并将其分为在位内膜组和异位内膜组,每组各35例,在位内膜组的样本取自正常宫腔部位的子宫内膜组织,异位样本取自种植到子宫肌层部位的子宫内膜组织。术者月经规律,无内科合并症,术前3个月未用过激素治疗。对照组35例取自患子宫肌瘤的妇女子宫内膜标本,经过3名具有丰富阅片经验的病理科医师阅片后排除子宫内膜异位症病变可能,年龄25~42岁,平均(36.5±4.0)岁。此外,留取子宫内膜异位症和子宫肌瘤患者的新鲜子宫内膜放于液氮罐中保存。三组患者年龄等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 实验方法
1.2.1 免疫组化检测FUT4和LeY的表达 标本常规石蜡切片,每张3~4 mm厚,使用小鼠抗人β-actin单克隆抗体,羊抗人FUT4单克隆抗体,小鼠抗人LeY单克隆抗体以及免疫组化染色SP试剂盒(均购自Santa Cruz Biotech公司),所有操作严格按照说明书进行,并采用SP二步法进行免疫组化染色。
1.2.2 RT-PCR方法检测FUT4 mRNA的表达 采用RT-PCR试剂盒(TaKaRa公司)提取组织中的总RNA,通过逆转录得到cDNA,用基因FUT4引物扩增逆转录得到的cDNA。PCR反应所需引物由宝生物工程(大连)有限公司合成,引物序列如下:FUT4:5′-cggacgtctttgtgccttat-3′(f);5′-cgaggaaaagcaggtacgag-3′(r);β-actin:5′-tcaccca cactgtgcccatctacg-3′(f),and 5′-cagcggaaccgctcattgccaatgg-3′(r)。PCR反应体系(25 μL)如下:PCR Buffer 2.5 μL;dNTP(2.5 mol/L)2 μL;5′引物 1 μL;3′引物1 μL;cDNA 1 μL;Taq 0.5 μL;Rnase free H2O 17 μL。PCR反应条件:95℃预变性5 min;95℃变性50 s,57℃退火50 s,72℃延伸50 s,重复30个循环;72℃延伸10 min。
1.3 判读标准
采用病理图像分析系统检测各指标的表达情况,切片染色结果由两名副主任以上的病理医师采用双盲法在高倍镜下选择5个视野的组织部位或计数1000个组织细胞进行观测。根据染色强度和阳性细胞百分比的综合评分进行判定。阳性细胞判读标准为:FUT4、LeY主要表达于子宫内膜腺上皮细胞,阳性颗粒定位于胞浆内,胞核染色为阴性。组织细胞染色为淡黄色、黄色、棕黄色及棕褐色为阳性细胞。染色强度的判定:组织细胞无色为0分,组织细胞淡黄色或黄色为1分,组织细胞棕黄色为2分,组织细胞棕褐色为3分。阳性细胞百分比:0~5%为0分,>5%~25%为1分,>25%~50%为2分,>50%~75%为3分,>75%~100%为4分。将染色强度和阳性细胞百分比的分数之和:0分为阴性,1~2分为弱阳性,3~5分为阳性,6~7分为强阳性。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 15.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 FUT4在不同子宫内膜组织中的表达
与对照组比较,在位内膜组和异位内膜组患者的FUT4阳性率均明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);同时,在位内膜组患者FUT4的表达主要为弱阳性和阳性,而异位内膜组患者FUT4的表达主要为弱阳性、阳性和强阳性,异位内膜组FUT4的阳性率高于在位内膜组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表1。
表1 三组患者子宫内膜组织中FUT4表达情况比较(例)
注:与对照组比较,*P < 0.05;与在位内膜组比较,▲P < 0.05
2.2 LeY在不同子宫内膜组织中的表达
与对照组比较,在位内膜组和异位内膜组患者的LeY的阳性率均明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。同时,在位内膜组患者LeY的表达主要为阴性、弱阳性和阳性,而异位内膜组患者的LeY的表达主要为弱阳性、阳性和强阳性,异位内膜组LeY的阳性率高于在位内膜组(P < 0.05)。见表2。
表2 三组患者子宫内膜组织中LeY表达情况比较(例)
注:与对照组比较,*P < 0.05;与在位内膜组比较,▲P < 0.05
2.3 RT-PCR检测FUT4在各组子宫内膜组织中的表达
与对照组比较,FUT4在异位内膜组和在位内膜组中的表达要明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);而在位内膜组与异位内膜组比较,异位内膜组FUT4的表达高于在位内膜组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见图1。
3 讨论
子宫内膜异位症是妇科常见疾病,是导致妇女不孕的主要原因之一。子宫内膜异位症的患者中,不孕症的发病率达30%~50%,30%~58%不孕症患者合并子宫内膜异位症[6]。近年来,子宫内膜异位症与不孕的关系成为人们研究的热点,但其导致不孕的机制尚不清楚,有文献报道,这可能与多种因素有关,如盆腔解剖结构改变与输卵管功能异常,内分泌变化与排卵功能异常,免疫功能异常等[7]。
自1829年,肿瘤胚胎性起源概念被Lobstein等提出以来,学者们越来越重视胚胎植入与肿瘤侵袭转移生物学行为的相似性研究。“假恶性”的囊胚滋养层细胞及恶性肿瘤细胞在细胞增殖分化、血管侵蚀和新生血管形成、侵袭信号转导通路、免疫逃逸及细胞凋亡等诸多方面具有惊人的相似性[8]。由此可以看出,子宫内膜异位症、肿瘤侵袭和胚胎植入具有一定的相似性,本研究通过揭示子宫内膜异位症与胚胎着床的关系,有望为子宫内膜异位症导致不孕的发病机制提供新的理论依据。
现有的研究表明,在小鼠子宫内膜异位症模型中,其血浆可抑制体外受精和胚胎生长。有研究发现子宫内膜异位症的腹腔液可明显降低小鼠体外受精率,抑制细胞胚胎生长,在小鼠腹腔内注入子宫内膜异位症腹腔液与小鼠巨噬细胞,发现排卵数减少,胚胎发育障碍,显示子宫内膜异位症患者体内可能存在影响胚胎植入及发育的毒性因子[9]。在免疫学方面,研究发现,子宫内膜异位症患者体内抗子宫内膜抗体水平升高。在盆腔及宫腔,该抗体与子宫内膜组织发生抗原抗体反应,同时激活补体引起损伤性效应,使得精卵结合、受精卵的着床和胚囊的发育受到干扰和妨碍,进而导致不孕或流产[10-12]。同时,有研究报道,子宫内膜腺上皮含有一种糖蛋白,主要存在于内膜脱落碎屑的细胞溶质中。在月经期中,异位内膜组的出血和内膜碎片由于不能像正常的经血在24 h内经阴道排出体外而存留在盆腔内,内膜碎屑被体内免疫系统作为“外来物”而识别,刺激机体内大量巨噬细胞分泌白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、IL-6、IL-8、IL-13等因子,而体外研究发现重组的IL-1可明显抑制精子穿透卵细胞的能力和早期胚胎的发育,从而导致患者合并不孕的发病率升高[13]。本研究对岩藻糖基化的LeY在子宫内膜异位症患者中的表达情况进行了检测,结果显示,LeY主要表达于子宫内膜腺上皮细胞,并且在内异位症患者中的表达要明显高于对照组(P < 0.05),笔者推测这些异常表达的LeY寡糖抗原可能对机体的免疫系统产生了影响,并进一步刺激相关因子的分泌,从而抑制了胚胎的着床和发育。
胚胎着床是胚泡植入到子宫内膜复杂的生理过程,此时内膜受激素、细胞因子、黏附分子及糖蛋白等多种因素的调节。在妊娠生理中,子宫内膜对胚胎的容受性是妊娠建立的关键因素。正常子宫内膜在一个极短的时期才允许胚泡植入,称为着床窗口期,此时子宫内膜容受性最高[14-15]。近年来研究发现,致使子宫内膜异位症不孕的重要原因之一是子宫内膜容受性下降,导致胚泡着床障碍[16-17]。
岩藻糖基转移酶(fucosyltransferases,FUTs)是一类催化岩藻化寡糖合成的酶类,其中FuT4是α1,3岩藻糖基转移酶,是合成细胞表面LeY的特异性合成酶基因[18-21]。本研究结果显示,FUT4和LeY的表达情况趋于一致,从而进一步验证了FUT4是LeY合成的关键酶。现研究发现,在妊娠植入的窗口期,小鼠子宫内膜有FucT-Ⅳ的表达,且随妊娠天数的增加有逐渐增加再下降的趋势。同时,妊娠第1~5天小鼠子宫内膜均有LeY的表达,主要表达在子宫内膜的腔上皮和腺上皮表面,且表达量在植入窗口期有增加的趋势[22-24]。在女性月经周期中,LeY寡糖抗原在子宫内膜呈阶段特异性表达,在胚胎的植入窗口期,LeY寡糖抗原表达达到最高,因此,LeY寡糖抗原可以作为子宫内膜接受性的标志[25-28]。有研究发现,LeY和L-selectin介导的细胞黏附系统可以引起子宫内膜细胞的凋亡,从而促进胚胎植入。笔者推测这种异常表达的LeY寡糖抗原可能使细胞黏附系统发生紊乱,促使具有生长功能的子宫内膜腺体异位到子宫腔外,并发生黏附、侵袭等一系列反应,从而抑制了子宫内膜细胞的凋亡,使胚胎植入发生障碍。同时,Fang等[29]研究发现,在正常的子宫内膜中,LeY在分泌期的表达量明显升高。本次研究结果表明,对于子宫内膜异位症患者,FUT4和LeY的表达要明显高于正常子宫内膜(P < 0.05),与文献报道的结果一致,笔者推测FUT4和LeY在胚胎黏附、植入过程中起着重要作用,但当其表达量高于某一临界值时,又会诱发子宫内膜异位症,影响胚胎的正常着床,从而进一步导致不孕,这个临界值仍有待进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究通过检测FUT4和LeY在子宫内膜异位症患者中的表达情况,进一步揭示了子宫内膜异位症与胚胎着床的关系,为子宫内膜异位症导致不孕的发病机制提供了新的理论依据。
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(收稿日期:2014-06-24 本文编辑:任 念)