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Wnt信号通路途径调控细胞凋亡在肿瘤治疗中的作用

2014-09-12贾良杰

中国当代医药 2014年18期
关键词:细胞凋亡

贾良杰

[摘要] Wnt信号通路在生物体内参与调节了很多生命过程,其中包括各个组织的形成及器官的产生、免疫作用的发生、机体应激性的产生、细胞癌变和细胞凋亡与抗凋亡的过程等重要生命活动。越来越多的研究揭示了Wnt信号通路在细胞凋亡过程中的巨大作用,当然,Wnt信号通路通过很多已知的途径进行细胞凋亡过程的调节,其中包括通过调整细胞所处的外环境从而刺激细胞凋亡过程的加速或减缓等过程。本文将在Wnt细胞信号通路调控细胞凋亡从影响肿瘤细胞生长及生物体发育上对近期发表的研究成果作简要综述,并对Wnt信号通路中存在的关键基因、转录蛋白质做重点介绍并对其在细胞凋亡过程中所起的重要作用加以详细阐述。

[关键词] Wnt信号通路;细胞凋亡;肿瘤治疗

[中图分类号] R458[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)06(c)-0194-03

The effect of apoptosis transferred by Wnt signaling transduction pathway in the cancer therapy

JIA Liang-jie

College of Life Science,Shannxi Normal University,Xi′an710119,China

[Abstract] Wnt signaling transduction pathway plays an important role in many kinds of life activities,such as the formation of various organizations and organs,immunity,reflex activity,canceration of the normal cell and anti-apoptotic process.The association between the Wnt signaling pathway and apoptosis has become more firmly established in the recent scientific literature.The activity of Wnt signaling according to specific cellular environment stimuli can regulate apoptosis.In this review,we will summarize the recent researches about the apoptosis transferred by Wnt signaling transduction pathway which interfere the activity of cancer cell and the development of organism,and we will also draw attention to genes and proteins of the Wnt signaling pathway involved in apoptosis and describe some of their functional effects.

[Key words] Wnt signaling pathway;Apoptosis;Cancer therapy

各项研究充分表明,如果细胞凋亡发生失调,那么机体会出现多种疾病,当细胞凋亡不能正常进行时,会发生癌症;当细胞凋亡失调,特别是神经组织或肌肉组织发生病变时,会发生神经或肌肉细胞的功能丧失,导致功能性失常和障碍[1]。大量研究表明,Wnt信号通路在生物体的发育过程中扮演了重要的角色,在正常体细胞黏附、存活及凋亡调节和幼体胚胎细胞的分裂及分化的生理生化过程中有重要作用[2],特别是在幼体中枢神经系统的发育过程中发生的突触重排过程,需要神经元中Wnt信号通路中的一些关键性成员参与其中[3]。细胞凋亡基因与Wnt信号途径中共有的基因在整个胚胎发育时期被连续、协调的方式激活。Wnt信号通路在心血管系统的发育过程中起不可或缺的作用[4],还在成骨细胞的发育过程中软骨细胞凋亡方面发挥了重要作用[5]。

1 Wnt信号通路简介

Wnt信号途径的信号转导系统是人体中比较重要的信号转导通路之一,包括信号启动、分子传递、靶基因转录活化等几个主要环节。在脊椎动物细胞中,Wnt信号途径被其中的关键性蛋白(Wnt蛋白)所命名。在多种生物体内,Wnt信号转导分为三条不同途径发挥作用:经典Wnt信号途径(canonical Wnt signal pathway)、细胞极性途径和Wnt/Ca2+相关的非经典Wnt信号途径(noncanonical Wnt signal pathway)。通过这几种途径,Wnt家族蛋白参与多种生理生化过程,接收胞外信号分子,从而调控胚胎发育及细胞生长、分化和凋亡等。Wnt信号通路的具体作用方式见图1。

1.1 经典的Wnt信号通路

经典Wnt信号通路的作用机制已基本阐明,主要过程由细胞自分泌或旁分泌的Wnt蛋白与细胞表面受体卷曲蛋白(Frizzled,Frz)结合,Frz蛋白相当于胞内与胞外信号通路的桥梁从而使β-catenin在细胞质中积累,并在低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白5和6(LDL-receptor-related protein 5/6,LRP5/6)的协同下[7],一起活化Dishevelled(DSH)蛋白,触发细胞内的信号转导,进而抑制了由糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)、结肠癌抑制因子[8](APC)和轴蛋白(axin)等构成的蛋白降解复合物,该复合物可通过磷酸化β-catenin(Ser45、Ser33、Ser37和Thr41)使之降解,因此当复合物不能形成或被解聚时,β-catenin则不会被降解,得以在细胞质内聚集增多,进而向细胞核内转移,与转导通路的主要信号分子T细胞因子/淋巴增强因子复合物(TCF/LEF)结合[5],最终激活与细胞生存、增殖和分化相关的下游靶基因的表达。Wnt信号的起始为Wnt配体与靶细胞上的特异性受体结合,转导特异的信号途径,导致靶细胞发生一系列生理反应。

1.2 细胞极性途径(planar cell polarity pathway,Wnt/JNK通路)

Wnt/JNK通路与经典的Wnt信号通路在散乱蛋白激活之前的过程相同,但在激活后,主要是通过DSH激活Jun-N末端激酶(JNK),调节转录因子c-Jun、ATF2、P53、DPC4、Elk1等的活性而起作用。其中3个保守区域(DIX、PDZ、DEP)中的DEP在JNK激活作用下建立平面细胞极性,从而发挥作用。Wnt7a与Frz受体结合也发生在这一通路的激活过程中,从而调控Dsh、VanGogh、prickle、Strabismu、diego和flamingo等下游效应基因的表达,这些基因主要参与细胞极性的建立和细胞骨架重排使细胞骨架在胞内不对称分布并在上皮细胞的协同极化过程中发挥作用。

1.3 Wnt/Ca2+相关的非经典信号途径(Wnt/Ca2+ noncanonical Wnt signal pathway)

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非经典的Wnt/Ca2+信号途径的激活需要Wnt家族中的Wnt4、Wnt5a、Wnt11蛋白参与。当Wnt蛋白与相应的Fz受体结合后,磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C(PI-PLC)被特定的G蛋白激活,之后PI-PLC水解PIP2(phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate)生成DAG(diacylglycerol)和IP3(inositol triphosphate),两者都能作为第二信使参与下游的级联反应。DAG在细胞膜上协同Ca2+和磷脂酰丝氨酸激活蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC),PKC通过激活细胞质中的靶酶,参与生化反应,在癌症中发挥重要作用[9-10]。IP3是Ca2+通道激活剂,既可以促使细胞膜上的Ca2+通道开放,又可以促进内质网中的Ca2+释放到细胞质中[11],导致细胞质中Ca2+浓度增加,当增加到一定浓度时,其与钙调蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)结合成Ca2+/CaM复合物,激活下游效应蛋白,引起广泛的生物学效应[12]。

除这些已被发现的信号通路外,近年来发现的Wnt/Ror2通路是研究的一个热点,主要为Wnt5a与细胞上Ror2、Frz受体分子结合后,可激活RhoA、Rac、ROCK和JNK等信号分子,在调节细胞的极性和迁移中发挥作用[13-14]。

2 Wnt信号传导通路和细胞凋亡

Wnt信号通路存在广泛,包括果蝇和线虫的发育过程、人工培养传代细胞转变为癌细胞的生化反应、爪蟾胚胎发育过程中的异位基因表达。有证据表明,当小鼠细胞中的Wnt信号通路有关基因被敲除后,小鼠胚胎就发生了特异性的发育缺陷。对于Wnt基因和其他Wnt信号传导的组成部分是用于哺乳动物胚胎发育方面有非常重要的作用这一点,已经有了详细的记载[15]。胚胎的正常发育与Wnt信号通路的非经典途径有关,包括干细胞的增殖、肿瘤细胞的迁移和正常细胞的极化等,而Wnt信号调控紊乱会导致多种发育缺陷疾病的产生[5]。此外,在成年生物体的不同组织中也发现由于Wnt信号通路的故障从而引起了肿瘤效应。如在人的散发性大肠癌中,90%是Wnt信号活化的;Wnt在CLL和前BALL中呈过表达状态[16],当CML急性发作时,Wnt信号通路处于异常的活化状态;在肝癌、脑瘤、胰腺癌和肾癌中均可见到其下游效应物β-catenin的点突变[8]。Wnt信号可以通过Wnt信号的下游效应物的突变的传递作用被激活或通过Wnt配体的过表达而直接被激活[17]。

Wnt信号传导所调解的结果是根据特定的细胞活性环境刺激既可以促进,又可以抑制细胞凋亡的过程[18]。在正处于生长期与受到细胞损伤的神经细胞、内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞和心肌细胞中,Wnt信号调节通路对于早期与晚期细胞凋亡都具有调控作用[4]。Wnt信号通路调节细胞凋亡的重要的机制包括:WNT-BMP信号、BMP及HH信号通路与Wnt信号之间有非常密切的关系,BMP信号与一些效应物的共同调节能够抑制Wnt信号或限制Wnt配体的旁分泌效果[19-20];或通过SFRP2(secreted Frizzled-related protein-2,分泌型Frizzled依赖性蛋白-2)基因的表达增加了SFRP这种分泌型蛋白的表达增加,从而抑制胶质瘤细胞活性,限制胶质瘤细胞移动[21];或通过β-catenin的信号转导,组成β-catenin-Tcf4复合体后影响cyclinD1启动子的表达,能够有效地促进大鼠模型中直肠癌的发生[22]。当然,与其相关的还具有多种信号通路:GSK3-β-NF-κBeta,C-Jun N端激酶信号,和Dickkopf-1的基因表达,nemo蛋白,SOX10蛋白和tau蛋白构成的通路[4,23]。

需要着重介绍的是一种新型的肿瘤抑制蛋白——腺瘤性结肠息肉蛋白(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC),其在细胞凋亡的过程中所产生的作用不容小觑,该基因编码一种含有2843个氨基酸的复杂蛋白质,在许多成熟及胚胎组织中都有表达。APC对于细胞凋亡的影响在很大程度上取决于APC蛋白的长度,野生型APC的表达(310 kD)将会诱导细胞凋亡,而突变基因会表达被截短的突变型APC蛋白质从而抗凋亡。最近的研究发现,肿瘤细胞的线粒体中表达APC的截短型的突变型肽链,且积累量很高。当在APC基因序列中1~1309 bp的位点发生突变后,APC蛋白表现出较正常的野生型较短的肽链,从而抑制细胞的凋亡,使这种肿瘤细胞得以存活[24]。在有些细胞中发现了当APC蛋白过表达后会结合Bcl-2蛋白从而增加其在线粒体中的表达量,Bcl-2作为一种存活因子,当其分泌量增加就会导致癌细胞继续存活下来并进行扩散,突变型的APC蛋白有能力将Bcl-2蛋白富集到肿瘤细胞的线粒体中,从而避免肿瘤细胞的凋亡。

3 结论与展望

细胞凋亡作为多细胞生物体在发育和维持体内稳态过程中起重要的生理作用,一直是研究的热门。研究促进或抑制细胞凋亡机制对许多疾病的治疗有特殊的意义。随着对细胞凋亡机制的研究,将能够研发新型药物抑制细胞凋亡过程,从而增长细胞寿命,或是靶向某种特定细胞进行靶向细胞凋亡,如对癌细胞进行定向凋亡,未来新型智能治疗药物将会在细胞凋亡方面有较多的应用。除此之外,通过对阻止细胞凋亡的治疗研究,也能通过研发新药特异地、高效地治疗肌肉萎缩症和神经退行性疾病。

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[15]Bodine PV.Wnt signaling control of bone cell apoptosis[J].Cell Res,2008,18(2):248-253.

[16]McWhirter JR,Neuteboom ST,Wancewicz EV,et al.Oncogenic homeodomain transcription factor E2A-Pbx1 activates a novel WNT gene in pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci UAS,1999,96(20):11464-11469.

[17]Breuhahn K,Longerich T,Schirmacher P.Dysregulation of growth factor signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Oncogene,2006,25(27):3787-3800.

[18]Shulewitz M, Soloviev I,Wu T,et al.Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in Wnt signaling in breast cancer[J].Oncogene,2006,25(31):4361-4369.

[19]Katoh Y,Katoh M.WNT antagonist,SFRP1,is Hedgehog signaling target[J].Int J Mol Med,2006,17(1):171-175.

[20]Marsit CJ,Karagas MR,Schned A,et al.Carcinogen exposure and epigenetic silencing in bladder cancer[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2006,1076:810-821.

[21]Tetsu O,McCormick F.β-Catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells[J].Nature,1999,398(6726):422-426.

[22]Crowder RJ,Freeman RS.Glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity is critical for neuronal death caused by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or Akt but not for death caused by nerve growth factor withdrawal[J].J Biol Chem,2000,275(44):34266-34271.

[23]Ellies DL,Church V,Francis-West P,et al.The WNT antagonist cSFRP2 modulates programmed cell death in the developing hindbrain[J].Development,2000,127(24):5285-5295.

[24]Brocardo M,Henderson BR.APC shuttling to the membrane,nucleus and beyond[J].Trends Cell Biol,2008,18(12):587-596.

(收稿日期:2014-03-13本文编辑:李亚聪)

endprint

[7]MacDonald BT,Tamai K,He X.Wnt/β-catenin signaling:components,mechanisms,and diseases[J].Dev Cell,2009,17(1):9-26.

[8]Polakis P.Wnt signaling and cancer[J].Genes Dev,2000,14(15):1837-1851.

[9]Topol L,Jiang X,Choi H,et al.Wnt-5a inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by promoting GSK-3-independent β-catenin degradation[J].J Cell Biol,2003,162(5):899-908.

[10]Medrano EE.Wnt5a and PKC,a deadly partnership involved in melanoma invasion[J].Pigment Cell Res,2007,20(4):258-259.

[11]Suzuki A,Ito T,Kawano H,et al.Survivin initiates procaspase 3/p21 complex formation as a result of interaction with Cdk4 to resist Fas-mediated cell death[J].Oncogene,2000,19(10):1346-1353.

[12]汪群,孙权.细胞周期素D1及相关基因在胆管癌中的进展[J].国外医学外科学分册,2006,32(5):359-362.

[13]Oishi I,Suzuki H,Onishi N,et al.The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is involved in non-canonical Wnt5a/JNK signalling pathway[J].Genes Cell,2003,8(7):645-654.

[14]Yoda A,Oishi I,Minami Y.Expression and function of the Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases during development:lessons from genetic analyses of nematodes,mice,and humans[J].J Recept Signal Transduct Res,2003,23(1):1-15.

[15]Bodine PV.Wnt signaling control of bone cell apoptosis[J].Cell Res,2008,18(2):248-253.

[16]McWhirter JR,Neuteboom ST,Wancewicz EV,et al.Oncogenic homeodomain transcription factor E2A-Pbx1 activates a novel WNT gene in pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci UAS,1999,96(20):11464-11469.

[17]Breuhahn K,Longerich T,Schirmacher P.Dysregulation of growth factor signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Oncogene,2006,25(27):3787-3800.

[18]Shulewitz M, Soloviev I,Wu T,et al.Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in Wnt signaling in breast cancer[J].Oncogene,2006,25(31):4361-4369.

[19]Katoh Y,Katoh M.WNT antagonist,SFRP1,is Hedgehog signaling target[J].Int J Mol Med,2006,17(1):171-175.

[20]Marsit CJ,Karagas MR,Schned A,et al.Carcinogen exposure and epigenetic silencing in bladder cancer[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2006,1076:810-821.

[21]Tetsu O,McCormick F.β-Catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells[J].Nature,1999,398(6726):422-426.

[22]Crowder RJ,Freeman RS.Glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity is critical for neuronal death caused by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or Akt but not for death caused by nerve growth factor withdrawal[J].J Biol Chem,2000,275(44):34266-34271.

[23]Ellies DL,Church V,Francis-West P,et al.The WNT antagonist cSFRP2 modulates programmed cell death in the developing hindbrain[J].Development,2000,127(24):5285-5295.

[24]Brocardo M,Henderson BR.APC shuttling to the membrane,nucleus and beyond[J].Trends Cell Biol,2008,18(12):587-596.

(收稿日期:2014-03-13本文编辑:李亚聪)

endprint

[7]MacDonald BT,Tamai K,He X.Wnt/β-catenin signaling:components,mechanisms,and diseases[J].Dev Cell,2009,17(1):9-26.

[8]Polakis P.Wnt signaling and cancer[J].Genes Dev,2000,14(15):1837-1851.

[9]Topol L,Jiang X,Choi H,et al.Wnt-5a inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by promoting GSK-3-independent β-catenin degradation[J].J Cell Biol,2003,162(5):899-908.

[10]Medrano EE.Wnt5a and PKC,a deadly partnership involved in melanoma invasion[J].Pigment Cell Res,2007,20(4):258-259.

[11]Suzuki A,Ito T,Kawano H,et al.Survivin initiates procaspase 3/p21 complex formation as a result of interaction with Cdk4 to resist Fas-mediated cell death[J].Oncogene,2000,19(10):1346-1353.

[12]汪群,孙权.细胞周期素D1及相关基因在胆管癌中的进展[J].国外医学外科学分册,2006,32(5):359-362.

[13]Oishi I,Suzuki H,Onishi N,et al.The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is involved in non-canonical Wnt5a/JNK signalling pathway[J].Genes Cell,2003,8(7):645-654.

[14]Yoda A,Oishi I,Minami Y.Expression and function of the Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases during development:lessons from genetic analyses of nematodes,mice,and humans[J].J Recept Signal Transduct Res,2003,23(1):1-15.

[15]Bodine PV.Wnt signaling control of bone cell apoptosis[J].Cell Res,2008,18(2):248-253.

[16]McWhirter JR,Neuteboom ST,Wancewicz EV,et al.Oncogenic homeodomain transcription factor E2A-Pbx1 activates a novel WNT gene in pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci UAS,1999,96(20):11464-11469.

[17]Breuhahn K,Longerich T,Schirmacher P.Dysregulation of growth factor signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Oncogene,2006,25(27):3787-3800.

[18]Shulewitz M, Soloviev I,Wu T,et al.Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in Wnt signaling in breast cancer[J].Oncogene,2006,25(31):4361-4369.

[19]Katoh Y,Katoh M.WNT antagonist,SFRP1,is Hedgehog signaling target[J].Int J Mol Med,2006,17(1):171-175.

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(收稿日期:2014-03-13本文编辑:李亚聪)

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