TLR4对MHV-3诱导的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎转归的影响
2014-09-11吴婷李兰王洪武宁琴
吴婷+李兰+王洪武+宁琴
华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院感染性疾病研究室、感染科,湖北武汉430030
[摘要]目的 探讨TLR4对3型鼠肝炎病毒(MHV-3)诱导的C3H/He小鼠肝炎转归的影响。 方法 观察C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠感染MHV-3后的临床症状(皮毛异常、呼吸加快及身体颤抖)并进行评分。记录两亚系小鼠的存活情况并进行比较。所有小鼠观察至感染后40d。 结果 小鼠品系对临床症状评分不起作用(P=0.718)。临床评分有随时间变化的趋势(P<0.001),且时间因素的作用随小鼠品系而不同(P=0.004)。C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠临床症状评分仅在感染后第5、6、13天出现差异:(13.071±1.184)和(10.933±4.608) (P<0.001),(8.321±5.048)和(11.304±3.901) (P<0.001),(13.091±1.578)和(10.846±3.671)(P=0.015)。C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠存活率分别为26.7%和23.3%,平均存活时间分别为16.267d和16.433d,无显著差异(P=0.922)。 结论 MHV-3诱导的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎转归不依赖于TLR4。
[关键词] 3型鼠肝炎病毒;TLR4;C3H/HeN小鼠;C3H/HeJ小鼠
[中图分类号] R575.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)11-26-05
The Effect of TLR4 on the outcomes of MHV-3 induced viral hepatitis for C3H/He mice
WU Ting LI Lan WANG Hongwu NING Qin
Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of TLR4 on the outcomes of mouse hepatitis virus-3 (MHV-3) induced hepatitis for C3H/He mice. Methods Clinical symptoms (abnormalities of skin and fur, accelerated breathing and tremor) of C3H/HeJ mice and C3H/HeN mice infected with MHV-3 were observed and scored. Survival of the two mice substrains was recorded and compared. The observation of all mice lasted for 40 days after the infection. Results Different mice substrains did not affect the scores of clinical symptoms (P=0.718). The scores varied according to time (P<0.001), and the effect of time varied according to different mice substrains (P=0.004). The scores of clinical symptoms in C3H/HeJ mice and C3H/HeN mice only differed on the fifth, sixth and 13th day of the infection: (13.071±1.184) and (10.933±4.608)(P<0.001), (8.321±5.048) and (11.304±3.901) (P<0.001), (13.091±1.578) and (10.846±3.671)(P=0.015) respectively. The survival rate of C3H/HeJ mice and C3H/HeN mice was 26.7% and 23.3% respectively, the average survival time was 16.267 days and 16.433 days, and there was no significant difference (P=0.922). Conclusion Outcomes of MHV-3 induced viral hepatitis for C3H/He mice is not affected by TLR4.
[Key words] Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-3); TLR4; C3H/HeN mice; C3H/HeJ mice
TLR4是一种重要的模式识别受体,参与了机体针对多种病原体的天然免疫。早期研究认为TLR4主要是识别革兰阴性菌胞壁内毒素的主要成份脂多糖(LPS),随着研究的深入,人们发现TLR4还可以识别病毒蛋白,参与抗病毒免疫应答[1]。目前的研究已经显示,TLR4与HCV及HBV相互作
用,促进病毒的复制与扩散,引起组织炎症,继而增加罹患肝纤维化/肝硬化的风险[2-7]。鼠肝炎病毒(MHV)是一种广泛存在的冠状病毒,可以在小鼠中引起病毒性肝炎,目前尚无研究报道MHV-3病毒蛋白可以与TLR4相互作用。本实验室采用3型鼠肝炎病毒(MHV-3)腹腔注射C3H/HeJ小鼠建立了肝炎病毒持续感染的模型[8]。C3H/HeJ小鼠的TLR4基因存在自发性突变,导致该小鼠TLR4缺陷而对LPS无反应[9-11],但该小鼠其他遗传背景均与TLR4正常表达的C3H/HeN小鼠相同。本研究采
表1 小鼠感染MHV-3后临床症状评分
评分 皮毛质地 呼吸 身体颤抖
5 光泽柔顺 约200次/min 正常,无颤抖
4 无光泽,较柔顺 约230次/min 身体略有颤抖
3 无光泽,竖毛 230~260次/min 较明显颤抖,拱背,静止懒动
2 竖毛,粘连 超过260次/min 较明显颤抖,拱背,爬行缓慢
1 竖毛,粘连,潮湿 超过260次/min,伴有胸腹部舒缩 明显颤抖,拱背,基本不能行动
用C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN两种亚系小鼠建立病毒性肝炎模型,观察并比较两种亚系小鼠的临床症状及存活情况,探讨TLR4对MHV-3诱导的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎的影响。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验动物
6~7周龄雌性C3H/HeJ 40只,购自北京华阜康动物生物科技股份有限公司,许可证号SCXK京2009-0004,6~7周龄雌性C3H/HeN 40只,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,许可证号SCXK京2012-0001。所有小鼠饲养于IVC系统。在12/12h昼夜循环、恒温恒湿条件下自由摄取食水,饲养1周后开始试验。
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1.2 病毒株
MHV-3为本研究室保存病毒株,在DBT细胞系空斑纯化后于鼠17CL1细胞系繁殖培养,鼠L2细胞系蚀斑纯化和滴度测定。本研究所用MHV-3滴度为1.0×106 PFU/mL。
1.3 动物模型的建立
随机取C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠各30只,腹腔注射 100μL MHV-3(0.1 PFU/μL),另取C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠各10只,注射100μL 无菌PBS作为对照。注射后的小鼠,继续饲养于IVC系统。在12/12h昼夜循环、恒温恒湿条件下自由摄取食水。
1.4 小鼠生存状态观察
每天观察小鼠生理状况及死亡情况,并对每只存活小鼠皮毛、呼吸及身体颤抖三项特征进行评分[12]。正常状态记为5分,状态明显异常记为1分,综合评分满分为15分,见表1。计算每组存活小鼠的平均得分,已死亡小鼠不参与计分。两组小鼠均观察至感染后40d。
1.5 统计学分析
应用Sigma Plot12.0统计软件包进行资料分析,临床症状评分采用重复测量数据的方差分析进行比较,生存率的比较采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 一般情况
C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠均于感染后3d开始一般状态变差,精神萎靡,毛发无光泽,感染2周内,小鼠症状明显,可见毛发竖直粘连,呼吸加快,颤抖拱背,肢体无力,行动迟缓,并出现死亡,临床症状综合评分均出现明显下降,感染2周后临床症状开始缓解,小鼠状态均明显好转,感染3周后,存活小鼠状态基本恢复,综合评分接近正常水平,见图1。注射PBS的对照小鼠,均未出现临床症状。
采用重复测量数据的方差分析进行统计,小鼠品系因素对临床症状评分不起作用,临床评分有随时间变化的趋势,且时间因素的作用随小鼠品系而不同,见表2。C3H/HeJ小鼠在感染后第4天,临床症状评分为(13.267±2.791),较正常水平显著下降(P=0.014);感染后第25天,临床症状综合评分(14.500±0.535),与正常水平无差异(P=0.077)。而C3H/HeN小鼠在感染后第5天,临床症状评分为(10.933±4.608),较正常水平显著下降 (P<0.001);感染后第22天,临床症状综合评分(14.429±0.535),与正常水平无差异(P=0.076)。在感染后第5、6、13天,C3H/HeJ小鼠综合评分依次为(13.071±1.184)、(8.321±5.048)、(13.091±1.578),C3H/HeN小鼠综合评分依次为(10.933±4.608)、(11.304±3.901)、(10.846±3.671),两亚系小鼠综合评分有统计学差异(P<0.001,P<0.001,P=0.015),其他时间点两亚系小鼠综合评分无显著差异。
图1 MHV-3 感染后C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠临床症状综合评分
图中数据为各时间点存活小鼠皮毛、呼吸及身体颤抖三项指标综合评分的平均值。
表2 小鼠个体变异计算结果
Source of Variation DF SS MS F P
Sub-strain 1 0.828 0.828 0.131 0.718
Days 39 2195.628 56.298 15.987 <0.001
Sub-strain x days 39 236.517 6.065 1.722 0.004
2.2 存活率及平均存活时间
C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠分别于感染第4、5天开始出现死亡;感染5~6d为死亡高峰,两组小鼠均有近一半的死亡出现在这一段时期;在感染后12~14d,两组感染小鼠再次出现比较集中的死亡;感染20d后,小鼠状态基本稳定,至感染后40d未再出现死亡。C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠存活率分别为26.7%和23.3%,平均存活时间(mean survival time, MST)分别为16.267d和16.433d,差异无统计学意义(P=0.922)。死亡情况及生存率曲线分别见表3及图2。注射PBS的对照小鼠,均未出现死亡。
表3 C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠感染MHV-3后死亡情况
感染后
天数 死亡数量(只) 存活概率(%)
C3H/HeJ C3H/HeN C3H/HeJ C3H/HeN
Day 4 2 - 93.9 -
Day 5 - 7 - 76.6
Day 6 13 4 50.0 63.3
Day 8 2 - 43.3 -
Day 9 - 1 - 60.0
Day 10 - 1 - 56.7
Day 11 - 1 - 53.3
Day 12 2 3 36.7 43.4
Day 13 - 2 - 36.7
Day 14 3 3 26.7 26.7
Day 20 - 1 - 23.3
图2 MHV-3 感染后C3H/HeJ及C3H/HeN小鼠生存曲线图
3 讨论
TLR4广泛分布于免疫细胞及组织细胞表面,并能利用四种转接分子MyD88(myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88)、MAL(MyD88 adaptor like protein,MAL)、TIRAP(TIR associated protein,TIRAP)、TRIF (TIR domain containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-β)和TRAM(TRIF related adaptor molecule)传递信号级联反应,激活NF-КB、AP-1及IRF3等转录因子,诱导IFN-γ、IFN-β、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12、IL-18、TNF-α等多种细胞因子的表达,具有多种生物学效应[13]。
近几年,TLR4在病毒性肝炎中的作用引起了人们的广泛兴趣。研究发现,HCV的非结构蛋白NS5A能特异性上调肝细胞和B细胞的TLR4的表达,增强细胞分泌IFN-β和IL-6的功能,诱导了抗病毒效应和炎症反应[2,14]。NS5A亦可与MyD88的死亡结构域结合,干扰髓样树突状细胞和巨噬细胞TLR4信号通路传导,抑制TLR4配体介导的细胞因子的产生,促进了HCV的持续感染[3-4,15]。而在HBV感染者中,Kupffer细胞TLR4下游TRIF信号通路激活,可以诱导干扰素的产生与分泌而抑制病毒复制[16-17]。但患者PBMC中TLR4的表达往往是下降的[6],这可能是引起HBV持续复制的机制之一。
本实验室建立的MHV-3诱导的肝炎病毒持续感染C3H/He小鼠模型,在6~15d内出现急性肝炎的表现,并引起死亡,存活小鼠转为持续感染,对其急性肝炎向慢性化衍变期的免疫状态及病毒复制情况进行研究,是探讨病毒性肝炎慢性迁延的免疫机制的有力工具[8]。本研究中,TLR4缺陷的C3H/HeJ小鼠和TLR4正常的C3H/HeN小鼠在感染MHV-3后,临床症状变化时间基本一致:分别于感染后第4、5天出现临床症状综合评分显著下降,并分别于感染后第25、22天恢复至正常水平。两亚系小鼠出现集中死亡的时间点略有差异,C3H/HeJ小鼠在感染后第5天,而C3H/HeN小鼠在感染后第6天。死亡时间点的差异,导致了在感染后第5、6、13天,两亚系小鼠临床评分的差异。但两亚系小鼠死亡时间点非常接近,小鼠存活率及平均存活时间并未出现统计学差异。本研究结果提示,TLR4并不会影响MHV-3诱导的C3H/He小鼠病毒性肝炎的转归。这与早期的研究结论一致,不同小鼠品系对MHV病毒的敏感性主要与MHV受体相关[18],同时也提示TLR4在MHV-3感染引起的宿主免疫应答中可能并不发挥主要作用。
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虽然临床症状和一定的死亡率是MHV-3诱导的肝炎病毒持续感染C3H/He小鼠模型的重要特征,但这仅是MHV-3感染后引起的病理生理改变的一个方面。还需要进一步的研究,来比较两种亚系小鼠感染后细胞因子谱、肝脏病理、血清生化学指标以及肝内病毒复制水平等多个方面的改变,甚至与其他多种C3H/He亚系小鼠或基因敲除小鼠进行比较,才能明确TLR4是否在MHV-3感染引起的宿主免疫应答中发挥作用[7]。
本研究作为MHV-3诱导的肝炎病毒持续感染C3H/He小鼠模型的补充,其意义并不仅仅在于探讨TLR4在MHV-3感染中的作用。随着生活水平的提高和生活模式的转变,我国病毒性肝炎合并酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease, ALD)或非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)的发病率逐步上升。已有研究证实,TLR4参与了ALD和NAFLD,以及HCV感染合并ALD引起的肝脏损伤[5, 14, 19-20]。采用TLR4正常的C3H/HeN小鼠替代TLR4缺陷的C3H/HeJ小鼠建立MHV-3诱导的肝炎病毒持续感染模型,可以为建立病毒性肝炎合并ALD/NAFLD动物模型奠定基础,对进行病毒性肝炎合并ALD/NAFLD的免疫学机制研究具有重要意义。
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(收稿日期:2014-04-04)
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