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ERCCI和P53预测Ⅱ期结肠癌FOLFOX方案辅助化疗获益的研究

2014-09-11彭杰文林贵南萧剑军

中国医药科学 2014年11期
关键词:免疫组化结肠癌化疗

彭杰文+林贵南+萧剑军

[摘要] 目的 评价ERCCI和P53在Ⅱ期结肠癌中FOLFOX方案辅助化疗获益的预测作用。 方法 回顾性收集58例Ⅱ期结肠癌,均接受12疗程FOLFOX方案辅助化疗;利用免疫组化方法检测ERCC1和P53的表达水平,并评价它们的表达水平与无病生存期的关系。 结果 在58例患者中,ERCC1的表达率为62.1%,ERCC1阴性表达患者的中位DFS明显高于阳性表达者(6.2 vs 5.1 年,P=0.02);而P53的表达率为48.3%,P53阴性与阳性表达患者的中位DFS差异无统计学意义(5.3 vs 5.6年,P=0.93)。 结论 在Ⅱ期结肠癌中,ERCC1表达可能预测FOLFOX6辅助化疗的获益减少。

[关键词] ERCC1;P53;免疫组化;结肠癌;化疗

[中图分类号] R735.35   [文献标识码] A   [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)11-20-04

The predictive role of ERCC1 and P53 on benefit from FOLFOX adjuvant chemotherapy

PENG Jiewen  LIN Guinan  XIAO Jianjun

Department of Cancer Chemotherapy, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528400, China

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the predictive role of ERCC1 and P53 on benefit from FOLFOX adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods 58 stageⅡcolon cancer patients receiving FOLFOX adjuvant chemotherapy were included. Testing the expression level of ERCC1 and P53 by immunohistochemistry method and assessing the association of expression level with disease-free survival(DFS). Results Among 58 patients, the rate of ERCC1 expression was 62.1%, and ERCC1-negative patients had significantly longer DFS than patients with ERCC1expression (6.2 vs 5.1 years, P=0.02). However, the rate of P53 expression was 48.3%, the DFS between P53-negative and positive patients was not of statistically significant difference(5.3 vs 5.6 years, P=0.93). Conclusion In patients with stageⅡcolon cancer, ERCC1 expression may predict less benefit from FOLFOX adjuvant chemotherapy.

[Key words] ERCC1; P53; Immu0histochemistry; Colon cancer; Chemotherapy

我国结肠癌的发病率逐年上升,随着结肠癌筛查的普及,早期结肠癌的比例不断增加[1]。单纯手术完全切除的Ⅱ期结肠癌约有25%患者在5年内出现复发[2]。术后辅助性化疗仍处于争议中。ASCO认为对于具有不良预后因素可考虑辅助性化疗,但长期无病生存的获益不超5%,而且化疗带来毒副反应[3]。因此,Ⅱ期结肠癌的个体化辅助化疗需要建立在有效的预测化疗获益的指标上,避免治疗过度或治疗不足。Yoshinori Shirota等[4]学者分析接受奥沙利铂及氟尿嘧啶化疗的晚期结直肠癌肿瘤组织ERCC1mRNA表达水平,认为肿瘤组织ERCC1mRNA的表达水平是预测接受奥沙利铂及氟尿嘧啶化疗的晚期结直肠癌生存的独立预测指标。A. Zaanan等[5]学者认为在Ⅲ期结肠癌中,p53表达的患者接受FOLFOX方案比接受FL方案获

得更高的3年无病生存。本实验研究ERCC1和P53在Ⅱ期结肠癌的表达情况以及在预测FOLFOX辅助化疗获益的作用。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

收集中山市人民医院2002年1月~2007年12月收治的结肠癌病例,并符合以下标准:(1)接受根治性手术切除,术后病理证实为Ⅱ期结肠腺癌;(2)术后6周内接受辅助化疗;(3)辅助化疗方案mFOLFOX,总共12个程;(4)患者ECOG PS ≤2;(5)年龄大于18岁,小于70岁。符合研究标准的有58例,其中男36 例,女22 例;年龄32~66 岁,中位年龄51.3 岁;随访时间5.1~10.3年,中位随访时间7.3年。

1.2 治疗方案

所有患者接受标准化疗方案mFOLFOX6,用法:奥沙利铂(江苏恒瑞,H20000337) 85mg/m2静脉滴注2h,第1天;亚叶酸钙(江苏恒瑞,H32022391) 400mg/m2静脉滴注2h,第1天;5-氟尿嘧啶(上海旭东海普,H31020593)400mg/m2静脉推注,随后2400mg/m2持续滴注46h,每2周1疗程,总共12个疗程。

1.3 实验试剂

S-P 免疫组化试剂盒、ERCC1和P53抗体( 稀释比例:1︰100)购自福建迈新公司。

1.4 实验方法

免疫组化染色法采用SP法检测ERCC1和P53的蛋白表达。常规脱蜡、乙醇梯度水化,枸橼酸盐抗原热修复,滴加内源性过氧化物酶阻断剂,37℃ 10min,滴加一抗( ERCC1、P53,1︰50),4℃ 过夜,滴加聚合物增强剂(试剂A),室温下孵育20min,后再滴加酶标抗鼠 /兔聚合物(试剂B),室温下孵育30min,DAB 显色3~10min,苏木素复染、脱水、透明。中性树胶封片后镜下观察,以PBS代替一抗作为阴性对照,用已知的阳性片做阳性对照。

1.5 免疫组化结果判断标准

由2名未参与实验研究、不了解患者临床资料的病理医生分别独立观察所有切片。遇结果不一致时,由2人协商决定。以细胞质和(或)细胞核膜出现棕红色颗粒为阳性,随机取 5 个高倍视野,ERCC1 和P53按细胞核和细胞质显色深浅定性为阴性和阳性表达。

1.6 统计学方法

无病生存时间(DFS)指自手术之日起,到出现首次复发或末次随访。Kaplan-Meier方法制作DFS生存曲线,DFS之间的比较通过log-rank检验。所有统计分析由 SPSS16.0 软件完成,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

ERCC1在Ⅱ期结肠癌中的表达率为62.1%(36/58),ERCC1阴性表达患者的中位DFS为6.2年(95%置信区间 5.6~6.8年),而ERCC1阳性表达患者的中位DFS为5.1年(95%置信区间 4.6~5.6年),差异有统计学意义(x2=5.8,P=0.02)。见图1。

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P53在Ⅱ期结肠癌中的表达率为48.3%(28/58),P53阴性表达患者的中位DFS为5.3年(95%置信区间 4.3~6.3年),而P53阳性表达患者的中位DFS为5.6年(95%置信区间 4.3~6.9年),差异无统计学意义(x2=0.008,P=0.93)。见图2。

图1  ERCC1不同表达水平之间的DFS比较

图2  ERCC1不同表达水平之间的DFS比较

3 讨论

近年来,我国结肠癌的发病率逐年上升,结肠癌是癌症死亡的主要原因。随着结肠癌筛查的普及,早期结肠癌的比例不断增加[1]。Ⅱ期结肠癌单纯手术完全切除可获得较好的预后,但约有25%患者在5年内出现复发[2]。术后辅助性化疗仍处于争议中。ASCO认为对于具有不良预后因素,如肠穿孔、肠梗阻、清扫淋巴结小于13枚、肿瘤分化差、浸润到周围组织及脉管癌栓等,可考虑辅助性化疗,化疗方案为FOLFOX,需6个月,但长期无病生存的获益不超5%,这种获益不转化为有统计学意义的总生存获益,而且化疗带来的毒副反应,如黏膜炎、神经毒性及骨髓毒性等,明显增加患者经济及精神负担[3]。因此,Ⅱ期结肠癌的个体化辅助化疗需要建立在有效的预测化疗获益的指标上,避免治疗过度或治疗不足。

多项研究证实ERCC1高表达预测含铂方案耐药[6-9]。铂类的耐药可能与下面几个机制相关:提高对铂类DNA加合物的耐受、减少细胞内药物的累积及提高DNA损伤修复能力等[10]。目前证据显示核苷酸切除修复通路的蛋白参与修复铂类引起的DNA损伤。而且切除修复交叉互补(excision repair cross-complementing,ERCC)基因家族是通过核苷酸切除修复DNA损伤。ERCC1、XPA与XPF相互作用形成在DNA修复中发挥重要的作用[11-13]。H.-C. Kwon回顾性分析64例接受FOLFOX方案化疗的晚期胃癌,发现ERCCI的阳性率为70.3%,ERCC1阳性的患者客观缓解率为31.1%,而ERCC1阴性的患者客观缓解率为47.9%,P值为0.045[14]。Yoshinori Shirota等学者分析接受奥沙利铂及氟尿嘧啶化疗的晚期结直肠癌肿瘤组织ERCC1mRNA表达水平,发现ERCC1mRNA≤4.9×10-3比>4.9×10-3有更高的平均生存时间(10.2个月vs1.9个月,P<0.01),认为肿瘤组织ERCC1mRNA的表达水平是预测接受奥沙利铂及氟尿嘧啶化疗的晚期结直肠癌生存的独立预测指标[4]。韩国学者发现在70例接受氟尿嘧啶和奥沙利铂化疗的晚期结直肠癌中,ERCC1的表达率约55.7%;相对于ERCC1表达的患者而言,ERCC1无表达的患者具有更长的生存期(P=0.0474)[15]。在Ⅲ期结肠癌中,伴有ERCC1-19q13拷贝数增多的患者获得更长生存期[16]。58例Ⅱ期结肠癌中,ERCC1表达率为62.1%,ERCC1阴性表达患者的中位DFS明显长于ERCC1阳性表达患者(6.2 vs 5.1 年,P=0.02)。因此,ERCC1表达是结肠癌的不良预后因素。

P53是肿瘤抑制基因,参与DNA损伤修复及诱导凋亡等,其发生突变,引起蛋白水平的过度表达[17-18]。A. Zaanan等学者认为在Ⅲ期结肠癌中,P53表达的患者接受FOLFOX方案比接受FL方案获得更高的3年无病生存(86% vs 70%,P=0.01),伴有MSI表型的患者接受FOLFOX方案化疗获得更好的3年无病生存(100% vs 57.9%,P=0.01);研究的结论是P53表达和MSI表型能预测奥沙利铂在Ⅲ期结肠癌辅助化疗的疗效[5]。而另一项日本研究显示在100例大肠癌患者中,P53的表达率约61%,P53阳性患者的复发率明显高于阴性表达者(23.8% vs 5.9%,P<0.05),并且2年生存率明显低于阴性表达者(61.8% vs 96.7%,P<0.05)[19]。然而,在本研究中,P53在Ⅱ期结肠癌中的表达率为48.3%,P53阴性与阳性表达患者的中位DFS差异无统计学意义(5.3 vs 5.6年,P=0.93)。这与上述的两项研究结论存在不一致,其原因可能为(1)三个研究纳入的研究人群存在差异;(2)本研究样本量相对较少,且为回顾性。

因此,在Ⅱ期结肠癌中,ERCC1表达可能预测FOLFOX6辅助化疗的获益减少。

[参考文献]

[1] 曹卡加,马国胜,刘奕龙,等.广州市 2000-2002 年大肠癌的发病率分析[J].癌症,2009,28(4):441.

[2] Figueredo A,Charette ML,Maroun J,et al.Adjuvant therapy for stage II colon cancer: a systematic review from the Cancer Care Ontario Program in evidence-based cares gastrointestinal cancer disease site group[J].Journal of Clinical Oncology,2004,22(16):3395-3407.

[3] Benson AB,Schrag D,Somerfield MR,et al.American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer[J].Journal of Clinical Oncology,2004,22(16):3408-3419.

[4] Shirota Y,Stoehlmacher J,Brabender J,et al.ERCC1 and thymidylate synthase mRNA levels predict survival for colorectal cancer patients receiving combination oxaliplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy[J]. Journal of Clinical Oncology,2001,19(23):4298-4304.

[5] Zaanan A,Cuilliere-Dartigues P,Guilloux A,et al.Impact of p53 expression and microsatellite instability on stage Ⅲ colon cancer disease-free survival in patients treated by 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin with or without oxaliplatin[J].Annals of oncology,2010,21(4):772-780.

[6] Muallem,Mustafa Zelal. ERCC1 Expression as a predictor of resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in primary ovarian cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2014,34(1):393-399.

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[7] Kim,Min Kyoung. ERCC1 predicting chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in oesophageal cancer[J].Eur J Cancer,2008,44(1):54-60.

[8] Smith,Stephanie.ERCC1 genotype and phenotype in epithelial ovarian cancer identify patients likely to benefit from paclitaxel treatment in addition to platinum-based therapy[J].J Clin Oncol,2007,25(33):5172-5179.

[9] Ting,Saskia.ERCC1,MLH1,MSH2,MSH6,and βIII-Tubulin:Resistance proteins associated with response and outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in m alignant pleural mesothelioma[J]. Clin Lung Cancer,2013,14(5):558-567.

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(上接第页)

[10] Johnson NP,Hoeschele JD,Rahn RO.Kinetic analysis of the in vitro binding of radioactive cis-and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum (Ⅱ) to DNA[J]. Chemico-Biological Interactions,1980,30(2):151-169.

[11] Houtsmuller AB,Rademakers S,Nigg AL,et al.Action of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1/XPF in living cells[J].Science,1999,284(5416):958-961.

[12] McNeil,Ewan M,David W.Melton.DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1–XPF as a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in cancer therapy[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2012,40(20):9990-10004.

[13] Friboulet,Luc.ERCC1 isoform expression and DNA repair in non–small-cell lung cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2013,368(12):1101-1110.

[14] Kwon HC,Roh MS,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic value of expression of ERCC1,thymidylate synthase,and glutathione S-transferase P1 for 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer[J].Annals of Oncology,2007,18(3):504-509.

[15] Kim SH,Kwon HC,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic Value of ERCC1,Thymidylate Synthase,and Glutathione S-Transferase [pi] for 5-FU/Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer[J].American Journal of Clinical Oncology,2009,32(1):38-43.

[16] Smith,David Hersi.An explorative analysis of ERCC1-19q13 copy number aberrations in a chemonaive stage Ⅲ colorectal cancer cohort[J]. BMC Cancer,2013,13:489.

[17] Levine AJ,Momand J,Finlay CA.The p53 tumour suppressor gene[J]. Nature,1991,351(6326):453-456.

[18] Muller,Patricia AJ,Karen H.Vousden.Mutant p53 in cancer:new functions and therapeutic opportunities[J].Cancer Cell,2014,25(3):304-317.

[19] Yamaguchi A,Kurosaka Y,Fushida S,et al.Expression of p53 protein in colorectal cancer and its relationship to short‐term prognosis[J].Cancer,1992,70(12):2778-2784.

(收稿日期:2014-04-21)

endprint

[7] Kim,Min Kyoung. ERCC1 predicting chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in oesophageal cancer[J].Eur J Cancer,2008,44(1):54-60.

[8] Smith,Stephanie.ERCC1 genotype and phenotype in epithelial ovarian cancer identify patients likely to benefit from paclitaxel treatment in addition to platinum-based therapy[J].J Clin Oncol,2007,25(33):5172-5179.

[9] Ting,Saskia.ERCC1,MLH1,MSH2,MSH6,and βIII-Tubulin:Resistance proteins associated with response and outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in m alignant pleural mesothelioma[J]. Clin Lung Cancer,2013,14(5):558-567.

(下转第页)

(上接第页)

[10] Johnson NP,Hoeschele JD,Rahn RO.Kinetic analysis of the in vitro binding of radioactive cis-and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum (Ⅱ) to DNA[J]. Chemico-Biological Interactions,1980,30(2):151-169.

[11] Houtsmuller AB,Rademakers S,Nigg AL,et al.Action of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1/XPF in living cells[J].Science,1999,284(5416):958-961.

[12] McNeil,Ewan M,David W.Melton.DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1–XPF as a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in cancer therapy[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2012,40(20):9990-10004.

[13] Friboulet,Luc.ERCC1 isoform expression and DNA repair in non–small-cell lung cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2013,368(12):1101-1110.

[14] Kwon HC,Roh MS,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic value of expression of ERCC1,thymidylate synthase,and glutathione S-transferase P1 for 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer[J].Annals of Oncology,2007,18(3):504-509.

[15] Kim SH,Kwon HC,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic Value of ERCC1,Thymidylate Synthase,and Glutathione S-Transferase [pi] for 5-FU/Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer[J].American Journal of Clinical Oncology,2009,32(1):38-43.

[16] Smith,David Hersi.An explorative analysis of ERCC1-19q13 copy number aberrations in a chemonaive stage Ⅲ colorectal cancer cohort[J]. BMC Cancer,2013,13:489.

[17] Levine AJ,Momand J,Finlay CA.The p53 tumour suppressor gene[J]. Nature,1991,351(6326):453-456.

[18] Muller,Patricia AJ,Karen H.Vousden.Mutant p53 in cancer:new functions and therapeutic opportunities[J].Cancer Cell,2014,25(3):304-317.

[19] Yamaguchi A,Kurosaka Y,Fushida S,et al.Expression of p53 protein in colorectal cancer and its relationship to short‐term prognosis[J].Cancer,1992,70(12):2778-2784.

(收稿日期:2014-04-21)

endprint

[7] Kim,Min Kyoung. ERCC1 predicting chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in oesophageal cancer[J].Eur J Cancer,2008,44(1):54-60.

[8] Smith,Stephanie.ERCC1 genotype and phenotype in epithelial ovarian cancer identify patients likely to benefit from paclitaxel treatment in addition to platinum-based therapy[J].J Clin Oncol,2007,25(33):5172-5179.

[9] Ting,Saskia.ERCC1,MLH1,MSH2,MSH6,and βIII-Tubulin:Resistance proteins associated with response and outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in m alignant pleural mesothelioma[J]. Clin Lung Cancer,2013,14(5):558-567.

(下转第页)

(上接第页)

[10] Johnson NP,Hoeschele JD,Rahn RO.Kinetic analysis of the in vitro binding of radioactive cis-and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum (Ⅱ) to DNA[J]. Chemico-Biological Interactions,1980,30(2):151-169.

[11] Houtsmuller AB,Rademakers S,Nigg AL,et al.Action of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1/XPF in living cells[J].Science,1999,284(5416):958-961.

[12] McNeil,Ewan M,David W.Melton.DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1–XPF as a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in cancer therapy[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2012,40(20):9990-10004.

[13] Friboulet,Luc.ERCC1 isoform expression and DNA repair in non–small-cell lung cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2013,368(12):1101-1110.

[14] Kwon HC,Roh MS,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic value of expression of ERCC1,thymidylate synthase,and glutathione S-transferase P1 for 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer[J].Annals of Oncology,2007,18(3):504-509.

[15] Kim SH,Kwon HC,Oh SY,et al.Prognostic Value of ERCC1,Thymidylate Synthase,and Glutathione S-Transferase [pi] for 5-FU/Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer[J].American Journal of Clinical Oncology,2009,32(1):38-43.

[16] Smith,David Hersi.An explorative analysis of ERCC1-19q13 copy number aberrations in a chemonaive stage Ⅲ colorectal cancer cohort[J]. BMC Cancer,2013,13:489.

[17] Levine AJ,Momand J,Finlay CA.The p53 tumour suppressor gene[J]. Nature,1991,351(6326):453-456.

[18] Muller,Patricia AJ,Karen H.Vousden.Mutant p53 in cancer:new functions and therapeutic opportunities[J].Cancer Cell,2014,25(3):304-317.

[19] Yamaguchi A,Kurosaka Y,Fushida S,et al.Expression of p53 protein in colorectal cancer and its relationship to short‐term prognosis[J].Cancer,1992,70(12):2778-2784.

(收稿日期:2014-04-21)

endprint

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