从阅卷中的易错点看中考客观题的应对策略

葛连干

近年来，笔者一直参加中考阅卷工作，有机会对考生在各种题型上的得失情况有充分的了解。现结合典型试题就中考常见客观题的易错点进行分类例析，以期帮助同学们在今年的中考中避开这些“雷区”，进而取得理想的成绩。

一、听力题

在不少地区，听力试题仍然位于中考试卷的第一部分，所以听力解题的顺利与否将直接影响考生的解题情绪。同学们要注意避免出现以下错误：

1.因准备不充分而导致出错。

众所周知，中考英语听力测试是中考所考科目中最需要良好心理素质的考查项目，因为具有即时性和不可重复性，录音播放结束后无法再现答题所需信息，考生往往产生焦虑、畏惧心理，以至听力考试时尤其是起始阶段心情难以平静，注意力也难以集中，导致听录音材料时，特别是听第一题或略有难度的题时大脑一片空白，什么内容也听不进去，或只听到只言片语造成答题出错。也有少部分考生缺乏答题常识，以为听力测试不需要做多少准备，正式开考时来得及读题、听题和答题，于是试卷发下后，只顾游览全卷甚至抢时间进行其他内容的读题、答题工作，待听力考试开始时才仓促读题，因准备不充分导致答题出错。

【典型题例】Who is Simon Smith?

A. A computer engineer.

B. A bookseller.

C. A writer.

【听力录音】W：I like to read Simon Smith.

M: So do I.I hear he writes on his computer. And his new book will come out next week.

W: Great!Ive got to get one as soon as its out.

【简析】无论是因为心情过于紧张难以集中精神，还是因为抢时间答题未以期待性心理迎接听力考试，都有可能造成听录音时大脑一片空白，或只听到computer, book等只言片语，导致误选A或B。其实只要听到he writes on…或his new book…等简短句式，不难发现正确答案应为C。

【应对策略】参加听力考试前，考生应调整好心态，自信而放松，使自己全身心进入角色。同时，利用听力试音时间认真读题并适应语音、语调是做好听力题，尤其是第一题的关键。第一题顺利答题的愉快心理有助于整个听力考试答题，而第一题答题不顺利的沮丧心情很可能会对下面的试题有所影响。要注意的是：适度的紧张对应试是有益的，千万不能因为紧张而变得更紧张；万一有题目没有把握好或听不懂，要及时调整好心态，可以来点“阿Q”精神，迅速放过该题，努力把后面的试题做好。

2.因先入为主而导致出错。

听力试题一般依据所听信息在听力材料中出现的先后设项，不少考生了解这一命题原则，因此，当先听到的信息在试题选项中出现时，不少考生立即下结论加以选择，从而造成答题错误。其实，如果耐心倾听，下文提供的信息很可能会推翻你的结论。

【典型题例】Whats the man doing?

A. Watching TV.

B. Turning down the TV.

C. Answering the phone.

【听力录音】M: Would you mind turning down the TV a bit? Im answering the phone.

W: Not at all.

【简析】解答该题时，部分考生可能会直接选B，而没有再去认真听后面的内容，其实如果听懂后面的“Im answering the phone”，就能正确做答，选择C项了。

【应对策略】一般听力材料都会听两到三遍，一般第一遍先听完整段内容，初步做答；第二遍时，再细听关键信息，在综合考虑的基础上确定答案并做验证。

3.因冗余信息误导而出错。

由于命题的限制，中考听力测试中总有一些试题的干扰选项和正确选项很相似。而这些干扰项的内容往往在听力材料中又有所体现，许多考生往往被这些冗余信息所误导而痛失宝贵的分数。

【典型题例】What colour are Mimis eyes?

A. Grey.B. White.

C. Green.

【听力录音】I have a cat. Its name is Mimi and it is three years old. It has short, grey fur and white paws. Its eyes are green. It weighs about two kilograms.

Usually, it eats cat food from a tin, but her favourite food is fish. It also likes milk if it is not too cold. It likes sleeping in a basket. When it is not sleeping, it often plays with balls and pieces of string.

I feed Mimi every day and give it clean water. Sometimes, I brush its fur and it enjoys it very much. It never worries because we take good care of it. Mimi is my good friend. I like it very much.

【简析】此题不少考生可能会误选A项或B项，因为他们容易受“It has short, grey fur and white paws.”这个冗余信息的影响。其实上述信息属起误导作用的无用信息，听力录音中的关键句“Its eyes are green.”表明本题答案应为C。

【应对策略】听力命题中的干扰项往往会选听力材料中出现过的类似信息，考生要熟悉这一方法。遇到此类试题时，要特别留心，要学会抓住有助于我们正确解答的关键词句。中考英语听力测试约有一半试题可通过抓关键词句而加以解答。听听力原文时，考生应有强烈的利用关键词句解题的意识，学会从众多信息中挑选答题所需的有用信息。

4.因欠逻辑推理而导致出错。

中考英语听力题中大多数试题都可以直接从听力材料中获取信息作为答案，但也有少量试题需对听到的信息进行合理的逻辑推理，从而准确作答。部分考生对这一点缺乏必要的理解，只关注了听力材料中片断信息的字面含义，而没能对语境进行逻辑推理，造成理解上的偏差。

【典型题例】What time did the woman get to the airport to meet her father?

A. 1:00B. 12:00C. 2:20

【听力录音】W: Excuse me, sir.

M: Yes. What can I do for you, madam?

W: Its l oclock. I have been here for an hour to meet my father. But I saw all the passengers come out except him.

M: Are you sure of the time his flight

arrives?

W: Yes, I think so. He told me he would reach the airport at about 1:00 this afternoon.

M: Thats true. Flight BA506 has just

arrived.

W: What? BA506? Well, I dont think its his flight number.

M: Do you know his flight number?

W: Its VA407, I think… Oh, a moment, please. Here, I wrote it on my note book. Sorry, its VA408.

M: VA408? I see, Madam, the flight was supposed to arrive at 1:00, but it will be two hours and twenty minutes late because of the bad weather in New York.

W: OK. Then I will have to wait longer. Thank you very much, sir.

M: Good luck! Madam.

【简析】此题考生很可能不假思索地选A，因为他们听到了“Its l oclock.”其实这只是片断信息的字面意思，结合下文“I have been here for an hour to meet my father.”可以作如下推断：此刻是一点钟，而“她”已经在机场等候一个小时了。由此，“她”到机场的时间应该是十二点，故B项正确。

【应对策略】有些听力试题，如时间类、故事结局、文章大意、文章标题、作者的态度等，解答此类试题时，不能只注重听力材料信息的字面含义，往往需要对所听到的信息进行加工、整理或推断才能得出答案。

二、单项选择题

单项选择题是各地中考的必考题型之一，主要考查考生对语法、词汇、词义辨析、习惯用法等在具体语境当中运用时的掌握情况。在中考中考生往往容易犯以下类型的错误：

1. 思维定式，犯经验主义错误。

英语中某些词组的固定搭配或习惯表达考生往往记得比较牢固。受思维定式的影响，很多考生在解题时难免会“触景生情”，从而忽略了其真正意义的表达而掉入“陷阱”。

【典型题例】China is bigger thancountry in Africa.

A. anyB. any other

C. otherD. others

【简析】许多考生一见此题，脑海中便浮现出“比较级+than+ any other+可数名词单数”这一句型，于是直接选B项。其实不然，若在同一范围内比较时用上述句型，但该题中的China根本不在Africa的范围之内，所以就不用other，选项A正确。

【应对策略】平时在做题时，要注意养成分析、研究的好习惯，切忌死记硬背，更不要望文生义，做题时更要耐心细致，把题干和选项的全部信息尽收脑中，然后正确分析、对比，确定出题者意图，进而确定答案。

2.审题不清，误入命题者的“陷阱”。

有一些试题具有很强的隐蔽性或迷惑性，命题者故意把一些条件隐藏在其中，来考查考生的理解能力、观察能力和分析问题的能力。

【典型题例】—What did you see, Mary?

—I saw a lot of tall trees onof the lake.

A. either sideB. all sides

C. both sidesD. other side

【简析】不少考生会误选C项。解此题的关键是lake一词，lake 无两边之说，只能是“在周围”，所以正确答案为B项。如果把lake改为street或river,则答案A项和C项都正确。

【应对策略】要根据上下文提供的信息来仔细分析句子的主干，尽量从语境中挖掘出有效信息来解题。运用语法规则时，既要注意普遍性，也勿忽视其特殊性，对具体问题要进行具体分析。

3.考虑欠周，犯“管中窥豹”类的错误。

部分试题，特别是涉及时态的一致、语态的前后呼应时，考生在解题时往往“毛手毛脚”、“顾头不顾尾”，以致出现管中窥豹类错误。

【典型题例】Look! Someonethe floor. How clean it is!

A. has sweptB. is sweeping

C. are sweepingD. have swept

【简析】有些考生一看到句首的look一词，就立即想到用现在进行时而误选B项。其实对试题进行通盘的考虑后，就会发现后一句的How clean it is!说明地已经打扫好，所以正确选项应该是A项。

【应对策略】解答该类试题时，要先揣摩命题者的意图，再仔细读题，分析试题所创设的语境，平时也要积累一些此类素材，方可避免犯这类错误。

4.受母语影响，犯汉语式英语类错误。

初学英语的考生常常会受汉语表达习惯的影响，所以在解题时，常会出现“汉语式英语”类的错误。

【典型题例】As we all know China has apopulation and a long history.

A. manyB. large

C. muchD. high

【简析】部分考生会误选A项，其实正确答案是B项。因为在英语中表示人口多时要用big或large（表示众多）修饰population；表示人口少时要用small。进行人口数量对比时，只能用large/ big或small的比较级，这与汉语表达大不相同。

【应对策略】同学们在平时的语言学习中要注意对文化背景的了解和英语习语的积累，要根据语境和英语思维来解题。

三、完形填空题

完形填空题是考查学生综合运用英语基础知识和各种解题能力的题型，其选材难度适中、知识覆盖面广、能力要求高、试题难度大。因此，它往往是同学们最为头痛的一类题型。考生易犯的错误常体现在以下几个方面：

1. 因忽视首尾句信息，抓不住全文主旨而失分。

完形填空的选材通常用记叙文类或夹叙夹议类文体。首句通常不设空，目的是让考生迅速进入主题，帮助考生建立正确的思维导向。部分考生往往忽视这一点。

【典型题例】When I was nine years old, I used to go to the post office with my mother, sending greeting cards to my aunt in Singapore. To me, these trips were really 1 memories. And receiving mail through a mailbox outside our gate was just as exciting. My small hands could 2 get the mail without using a key! I always couldnt wait to see how much I was 3. Oh, a letter! From Singapore! I would run back home and show it to my 4. When there was a letter for me, I wouldnt run—I would open it right there…

That birthday postcard attracted me again to the post office and all its delights. I had 5 the post office all these years. Today I 6 send postcards to friends. And every time I am at the post office buying stamps, I cannot help but smile—how one postcard will make its way across the world and brighten up someones day.

6. A. justB. seldom

C. stillD. never

【简析】解答该题时，如果抓住文章的首尾句，可以快速得到试题的答案是C项。但是有些考生不能抓住关键信息句，而想当然的错选B项或D项。

【应对策略】根据命题原则，完形填空的首句和末句通常都不设空。因此，答题时要认真研读文章的第一句和最后一句以及每一段的第一句和最后一句，这些一般是完形填空的题眼所在。只有抓住了文章的中心思想，才能更好地理解上下文，从而就文章行文进行判断、分析、归纳和推理，使解题达到事半功倍的效果。

2.因忽视核心词汇的重复暗示而失分。

每一篇文章都有其主旨，而主旨往往通过一些核心词汇来体现，所以在一篇文章中，有些核心词汇会不断地重复出现，命题者一般喜欢考查这些具有上下文线索的核心词汇。部分考生不了解这点，当根据上文无法确定答案时，不懂得去下文寻找线索。

【典型题例】… Everybody moved quickly in order tothe seats they wanted. I was unable to get a seat near the tail…

A. fetchB. hold

C. keepD. get

【简析】根据下文已有的暗示to get a seat near the tail可以知道空格处正确答案应该是get。如果考生不能根据后置信息来做正确的选择可能会误选其他选项。

【应对策略】完形填空的设题有点、线、面三个层面，“点”即通过句意层面设题，“线”是通过段落层面设题，“面”往往是对于语篇主旨的考查。解答“线、面”类试题时，考生要紧抓文章主线，站在语篇的高度综合处理各选项的取舍。通过上下文的语境来选择最佳答案是解决这类题的关键。

3.因忽视词汇搭配和语义辨析而失分。

完形填空题的考查虽然越来越淡化语法，但对语言点的考查依然存在，主要体现在词汇搭配和语义辨析两个方面。部分考生由于对词汇搭配和语言意义不清楚而失分。

【典型题例】… My mother helped me to understand how much she had given me. She also told me that even though my father was no longer with us, he wasme and would always take pride in everything good I do. Thats when I decided to change …

A. seeingB. noticing

C. helpingD. watching

【简析】根据上下文可以知道作者的父亲虽然不与他们（作者和他的母亲）在一起了，但他还在关注着作者，并为他做的每一件好事而自豪。watch意为“观察、关注”，see表示“看见”，notice的含义是“注意到”，help表示“帮助”。结合语境和这四个词的辨析可以知道D项最佳。有些考生因为不能准确地辨析see, notice和watch这三个意思比较相近的词而失分。

【应对策略】新课标明确要求加强对考生应用能力的考查，在应用中测试考生运用英语基础知识的能力，这一点在近几年中考完形填空中得到了淋漓尽致的体现。具体体现在文章在题目设置上相似项增多，迷惑性增强，考生必须通过寻找上下文隐含信息，感受语境，采用直接法和排除法等技巧才能找出符合题意的最佳选项。完形填空中对词汇知识的考查，主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两个方面。习惯用法是英语中一些固定的结构，在考查习惯用法时，动词占主要地位，其次是副词。近年来词义辨析题的比重有加大的趋势。要做好这种题目，必须尽量将词语辨析与情节推理和逻辑推理结合起来，从词汇意义入手，抓住情节线索解决问题。

4.因忽视逻辑关系，错用连词而失分。

文章中如果没有内在的逻辑关系，没有适当的逻辑连词就会语义不清，无法构成篇章。完形填空中空格所在的句子，与上下文构成指代、列举、因果、比较、对比、让步和递进等逻辑关系。上下文逻辑关系的考查，是完形填空区别于单纯的句子结构测试中很重要的一点，考生往往容易忽视而导致失分。

【典型题例】… I still remember the beautiful afternoon I shared with Rose.we had a meal together only once, it was paid by Roses work…

A. SoB. But

C. ThoughD. Because

【简析】从选项可以很明显地看出该题考查考生对逻辑关系的正确判断。通过对空格前一句话及空格所在句意的分析，可以知道空格处应该填Through来表示“让步”。而有些考生由于不能真正读懂这两句话而误选B项。

【应对策略】完形填空中的逻辑连词是由文章的内在逻辑关系决定的，只有正确理解文章的内在逻辑关系，才能判断出正确的逻辑连词。平时阅读文章时，要多梳理文章结构，关注逻辑连词在文章中的作用。

四、阅读理解题

阅读理解题是各地中考必考题型之一，也是试卷中卷面分值最高的部分。它主要考查考生通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力。可以说，拥有足够的语言基础知识和一定的阅读技巧是做好阅读理解题的关键，也是考生在中考中取得好成绩的关键所在。

1.因选项的形似或神似而失分。

由于阅读理解题目中的某两个选项从形式或意思看起来很相似，考生难以正确把握和辨别。考生不能从深层次上理解文章，而是仅凭文中的部分细节或凭选项与原文有着某些形似或神似来选择，造成误选答案。

【典型题例】

The Beijing Undergrounds Line Ten will soon have 40 “reverse vending machines（有偿自动回收机）”, which will pay people for their empty plastic bottles.

“We have placed two such machines at Beijing Capital International Airport and four at the citys underground stations. They will have been received so far.” Said Feng Juan, an engineer from the company which makes the machines. “ People are encouraged and paid for turning waste into treasure. More than 30,000 empty bottles have been collected since December,” she said.

If something else, such as waste paper, is thrown into the machine, the machine will spit （吐）it out.

“Supported by the government, the reverse vending machines will be introduced to colleges and universities soon,” Feng said.

The company is also considering covering more recycling materials, including used books and teaching materials.

“Longterm plans call for about 2,000 reverse vending machines to be placed throughout the city in the next few years, including 80 at colleges and universities, shopping malls, communities and office buildings,” Feng said.

Chang Tao, director of the company, said that if the new project works well in the city, the company will consider offering the wastetotreasure service to other developed cities in the eastern part of China.

Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

A. Machines help turn waste into treasure

B. A new machine has become popular

C. A creative project works well in China

D. People are encouraged to collect bottles

【简析】该题的A项和B项都有machine这一关键词，而且本题又是一道主旨题，所以难度较大，考生只有在通读全文的基础上，才能得到正确答案A项。

【应对策略】做这类题时要特别注意题干中一些表示事物特征的词，要通过分析确定哪个选项当中表示特征的词最能够表达段落主题或文章主题，从而选出正确答案。

2.因忽略选项信息与原文的差异而失分。

通常情况下，细节理解题的答案与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但出题者很多时候会在选项上对原文的表达做巧妙改动，或截取原文词语或原文句子结构进行改写，如果考生不注意其细微变化，便会误入陷阱，误把错误的选项视为正确答案。

【典型题例】

Arthur sat at the desk in his room, pencil in hand. He had to write a story for his English class by Friday.“I dont know what to write about,” he complained to his dog Toby, who was asleep at his feet. Arthur was talkative when speaking to his friends, yet he had trouble finding words when he had to write.

By bedtime Arthur had drawn a picture of Toby smiling. He had drawn a tree with its branches blowing in a strong wind. He had also written a note asking his friend Lee to go to the movies on Saturday. But he had not written a single word of his story.

On Wednesday Mrs. Solomon, Arthurs English teacher asked the class to turn in the first draft of their stories. His heart sinking, Arthur turned in the only work he had—the page with his name, the drawings and the note…

Why did Arthur turn in the page with only his name, the drawings and the note at first?

A. Because he had no time to fit them together.

B. Because he had difficulty in writing a story.

C. Because he wasnt willing to do his

homework.

D. Because he wanted to show his talent for drawing.

【简析】解该题时，很多考生因为受By bedtime Arthur had drawn a picture of Toby smiling. He had drawn a tree with its branches blowing in a strong wind. He had also written a note asking his friend Lee to go to the movies on Saturday.这两句话的干扰而误选D项。其实通读全文后可以知道Arthur之所以交这样的作业是因为他无话可写，也就是写作有困难，故B项正确。

【应对策略】在做这类细节题时，一定要坚持一个原则：原文对等，一定要回归原文，切忌靠自己的感觉或自我的观点而盲目选择答案。

3.因常识误用而失分。

有时候，出题者会利用生活常识或经验来迷惑考生，有些选项的内容符合常识，但却不是题目要求的内容，并非正确答案，部分考生误选失分，十分可惜。

【典型题例】

You have waited 45 minutes for the valuable 10 minutes break. But when the bell for the next class rings, you cant believe how quickly time has passed. If you have this experience, youll know how time flies when you are having fun and drags when you are bored. Now scientists have come up with a reason why this happens.

They have found that the brain changes its way to work according to how we direct our attention to a task. When we are bored, we pay more attention to how time is passing. And this makes our brains think the clock is ticking more slowly.

Recently some researchers who want to understand the conditions carried out an experiment. In the experiment, twelve volunteers watched a picture while researcher monitored（关注）their brain activity.

The volunteers were told to first notice how long a picture appeared, then the color of the picture, and thirdly, study the both. The results showed that the brain was more active when the volunteers paid attention to more subjects.

It is thought that if the brain is busy noticing many aspects（方面）of a task, it has to spread its resources, and pays less attention to the clock. Therefore, time seems to go quickly. If the brain is not so active, it spends its full energy on the passing of time. As a result, time seems to move slowly.

Next time you feel bored in class, perhaps

you should concentrate on what the teacher is

saying.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. We will be full of energy if were busy.

B. Concentrating on things is a way to make people less bored.

C. Time goes slowly when the brain is noticing many things at the same time.

【简析】解答该题时，如果仅仅看各选项的内容，会发现A、B、C三项的内容应该都有符合常识的地方。但是结合文本来看，只有B项和文本项吻合，故B项才是正确答案。

【应对策略】通常情况下，借助常识可以帮助我们提高解题的速度，有时甚至能直接得到正确答案。但是在中考中，为确保万无一失，考生答题时还是要忠于文本。

综上所述，考生在中考中之所以在某些客观题上失分，除了心理因素外，最主要的还是没有夯实语言基础知识或者没有形成科学的解题策略。在中考复习期间，考生要在构建完整的知识体系的基础上，针对中考常见的客观题进行专项训练，形成适合自己的解题思路和解题方法，这样才能在考试时减少失误。