一方宝砚世代相传——藏砚赏石的风华岁月

文/五花肉

一方宝砚世代相传
——藏砚赏石的风华岁月

An Inkstone Lasts Forever——History of Collection and Appreciation of Inkstone

文/五花肉

制砚业

inkstone industry

砚务官

inkstone official

降样造形

customization

“宫作”

royal style

——《丛书集成新编·瓯公试笔》The government appointed inkstone artisans as the ninth grade officials with monthly salary.These officials make inkstones for the royal family every year.

——《端溪砚谱》/叶樾（宋）In late Northern Song Dynasty,the inkstones were customized for father of the emperor.The inkstones resembled a pool with a platform and four earrings.

——《纸笔墨砚笺》/屠隆（明）A supreme inkstone stores ink for a long time;produces ink continuously and is made of stone which feels like jade.

如果说从研到砚的演变，使汉代成为中国古砚发展史上的一大里程碑，那么由魏晋至隋唐，多足砚、箕形砚、辟雍砚的大量涌现，以及蓄砚、赏砚风气的兴起，便是砚由实用向审美过渡的开端。

The Han Dynasty was the milestone of the development of Chinese inkstone.Meanwhile,the appearance of multiped inkstones;dustpan shaped inkstones and Biyong inkstones;and the popularity of inkstone collection symbolizedthe beginningofthe changefrompracticalto aestheticsinthefieldofChineseinkstone.

这一时期的制砚业日趋专业化，以陶、瓦、瓷等为材质的砚盛行全国。同时，由于高型家具和垂足而坐逐渐兴起，取代了原来的低矮几案和席地跪坐，砚的形制也因此由足支砚向平台砚演进。

At that time the inkstone industry developed rapidly. Inkstones made of pottery and chinaware became popular all over the country.High furniture and chairs replaced low furniture at the same time.As a result,platform inkstones came to replace multiped inkstones.

自五代始，帝王与文人的趣味又进一步赋予制砚业制度化、标准化内涵。由于南唐后主推崇歙州砚，朝廷在歙州设置砚务，任命砚工李少微为砚务官，专司制砚；北宋末年，朝廷内府不仅大量藏砚，还选择特定砚式降样造形，不仅满足定制、收藏需求，还催生出一整套规范的皇家制砚生产体系。其间涌现出的《砚录》、《歙州砚谱》、《砚史》等品评专著，则为后世砚的收藏、交易提供了一定程度的参照标准。

AFrom the era of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, aristocrat and royal family were interested in inkstones, which promoted the standardization of inkstones.The Southern Tang emperor Li Yu valued the inkstones from SheZhou and the imperial government established the inkstone department and appointed Li wei as the inkstone official.In late Northern Song Dynasty, the royal family collected a large number of customized inkstones and developed standards system of inkstone.Such masterworks as"Yan Lu";"Genealogyof She Zhou Inkstone";"History of Inkstone"provided standards for collection;transaction and appreciation of inkstone.

与此同时，由于品性优良、发墨效果好、能更好地适应绘画技法和材料发展对墨的需要，石砚在宋以后成为砚的主流。人们在使用“端、歙、洮河、澄泥”等砚材的过程中，积累了丰富的辨石和研墨经验，在收藏交易中注重辨识产地、开采层位、石材肌理色彩；在使用中总结出“着墨不渗”、“发墨不乏”、“贮墨不干”等特性。这些事实标准的出现，使砚的审美价值和艺术价值逐渐超越了实用性。

After Song Dynasty,thanks to the high quality and fitness for painting,inkstones made of rocks became the mainstream.In the process of selecting raw material, people accumulated experience of indentifying stones and ink.The inkstones were classified according to origins;exploited horizon and texture.The performance of ink production and storage became the de facto standards for quality,which made the aesthetics value surpassed practical features.

到了明清时期，藏砚赏石之风进一步兴盛，尽管砚式承袭宋制，但制作工艺更加注重砚雕、砚铭设计，甚至出现以水晶、翡翠、象牙等为材质的赏玩砚，还逐渐形成粤派、徽派和苏派等砚雕艺术流派。清代宫廷更设立造办处，由皇帝亲自审阅专人绘制的图样，继而批准砚雕工匠制做御砚和官砚，从而形成和众家之长的“宫作”风格。

In Ming and Qing Dynasties,inkstone collection became much more popular.The design of inkstone became more sophisticated and inkstones made of jade; jadeites and ivory appeared.The inkstone art fell into different schools including Cantonese style;Anhui style and Suzhou style.The Qing Dynasty established inkstone department which was supervised by the emperor on his own.The emperor audited the design and ordered the artisans to make royal inkstones,which was called the royal style.

一方宝砚，世代相传。可以说作为中国人文化生活中不可或缺的一宝，砚的发展体现着书写媒介的技术演进、承载了多元文化的交融与个人的情感宣泄，而她所蕴涵的利用则止、文质彬彬、因材施艺等民族造物观，则为人类的文明基因注入了一剂曼妙元素。

Apreciousinkstonelastsforever.Asone of themostimportant factorofChineseculture,inkstonesstandsforthe advancement of Chinese traditional writing technology. Asthe carrier of culture exchange and emotional release, Chinese inkstonessymbolize the aesthetics taste of Chinese nation including elegance;connotation,which is the indispensiblefactorinhumancivilization.

（支持单位：上海市质量和标准化研究院）