《哈利·波特与凤凰社》中话语标记语well的语用功能分析

2014-04-06李艳玲

湖北经济学院学报·人文社科版 2014年2期

关键词：沃茨会话哈利

李艳玲

（昌吉学院中语系，新疆昌吉 831100）

一、引言

英国女作家罗琳创作的系列小说《哈利·波特》是以魔幻内容为题材，共7部，主要描写的是主人公哈利·波特在霍格沃茨魔法学校六年的学习生活及冒险故事。本文分析了其中一部《哈利·波特与凤凰社》中话语标记语well的六大语用功能。

二、话语标记语well的语用功能分析

《哈利·波特与凤凰社》中话语标记语well的语用功能概括如下：信息短缺标记语、面子威胁缓和语、话语分割标记语、信息修正标记语、情感标记语以及思考延迟标记语。

（一）well作为信息短缺标记语

在会话中，当说话人提供的信息与听话人所期待的信息不能构成最佳关联时，话语标记语well常用来表示说话人不能或不愿提供给对方所需要的信息，因此故意留下一定的信息空缺，这种情况下话语标记语well是一种信息短缺标记语。

例 1：“But-why?” said Harry,astonished.He knew that Seamus’s mother was a witch and could not understand,therefore,why she should have come over so Dersleyish.

“Well,” he said in a measured voice，“I suppose…because of you.”

“What do you mean?” said Harry quickly.

His heart was beating rather fast.He felt vaguely as though something was closing in on him.

“Well,” said Seamus again,still avoiding Harry’s eye，“she…er…well,it is not just you,and it’s Dumbledore,too… ”（Rowling，2004：196）

西莫说他母亲不想让他回到霍格沃茨魔法学校，哈利问其原因，西莫不想提供真实信息，真正的原因是他母亲认为哈利是个骗子。三个well在这里的功能是一样的，会话人西莫想要提供一定的信息，但由于害怕真话伤人却不能提供对方需要的信息，只能留下一定的信息空缺。

（二）well作为面子威胁缓和语

在言语交际中，为了维护和谐的人际关系，交际双方需要做出种种努力以尽量遵守礼貌原则，话语标记语well就是其中一种言语手段，它可以缓和面子威胁，调节人际关系。

例 2：“…and it wants all the houses to be friends?”said Harry,looking over at the Slytherin table,where Draco Malfoy was holding court. “Fat chance.”

“Well,no,you shouldn’t take that attitude,” said Nick reprovingly.“Peaceful cooperation,that’s the key.We ghosts,though we belong to separate houses,maintain links of friendship.In spite of the competitiveness between Gryffindor and Slytherin,I would never dream of seeking an argument with the bloody Baron.”（Rowling，2004:189）

在开学的聚会上，哈利认为这是霍格沃茨魔法学校学生交朋友的好机会，但是尼克的观点相反，尼克用well试图缓解给对方面子造成的威胁。

（三）well作为话语分割标记语

1.well可以用来转换话题

例 3：“…fine,fine,” said Mr Weasley,a little too heartily.“You-er-haven’t seen Healer Smethwyck,have you?”

“No,” said Mrs Weasley suspiciously,“Why?”

“Nothing,nothing，” said Mr Weasley airily，starting to unwrap his pile of gifts.“Well,everyone had a good day?What did you all get for Christmas? Oh，Harry-this is absolutely wonderful! ”（Rowling，2004：447）

韦斯莱先生不想让妻子知道他换了绷带，所以他用话语标记语well转换话题向大家问好，以便引起听话人的注意。

2.well表示开始会话或继续会话

例 4：Harry sat down and so did Snape,his cold back eyes fixed unblindingly upon Harry,dislike etched in every line of his face.

“Well,Potter,you know why you are here,” he said.“The Headmaster has asked me to teach you Occlumency.I can only hope that you prove more adept at it than at Potions.”（Rowling，2004：468）

校长要斯内普教授教哈利大脑封闭术，斯内普教授使用well表示开始与哈利会话。

例 5：（Umbridge said) “I just wondered whether I could make the teensiest interruption,Minerva?”

“I dare say you’ll find you can.” said Professor McGo-nagall through tightly gritted teeth.

“I was just wondering whether Mr.Potter has quite the temperament for an Auror?”said Professor Umbridge sweetly.

“Were you?” said Professor McGonagall haughtily. “Well,Potter,” she continued，as though there had been no interruption，“if you are seriousin thissituation…”（Rowling,2004:468）

麦格教授使用well来继续他的会话，同时希望听话人为接下来的会话做好准备。

3.well表示话轮转换

well作为话轮转换标记可以分为保持话轮、问题提示语和结束话轮。

例 6：“But why should I know what’s going on?Why should anyone bother to tell me what’s been happening?”

“Harry,we wanted to tell you,we really did-”

“Can’t’ve wanted to that much,can you,or you’d have sent me an owl,but Dumbledore made you swear-”

“Well,he did-”

“Four weeks I’ve been stuck in Priver Drive,nicking papers out of bins to try and find out what’s been going on-”

Harry blames Hermione for not having told him what is happening,while Hermione explained to him.（Rowling，2004：64）

哈利责备赫敏没有告诉他所发生的事情，而赫敏使用well来保持话轮,一直在给他解释。

例 7：“…Yes,” said Nearly Headless Nick quietly, “I walk and talk,yes.”

“So,you came back,didn’t you?” said Harry urgently.“People can come back,right?As ghosts.They don’t have to disappear completely.Well?”he added impatiently,when Nick continued to say nothing.（Rowling，2004:758）

哈利希望尼克能肯定人死后会回来，他使用well作为问题提示，暗示会话人在等待回答或需要更多的信息，希望对方给予答复。

例 8：He look up at Grawp,who was now pulling back the pine with an expression of detached pleasure on his face;The roots were creaking as he ripped them away from the ground.

“Well,I reckon that’s enough for one day.” said Hagrid.“We’ll-er-we’ll go back now,shall we?”（Rowling，2004:614）

海格说今天到此结束，我们回去吧，他使用well提示会话结束。

（四）well作为信息修正标记

在言语交际中，说话人的错误用词、口误、听错对方的话语，或对某一信息产生了误解，或说话人提供的信息本身存在问题等，说话人或听话人可能随时进行修正，会话修正可视为一种会话调节方式，作为一种语言手段，话语标记语well可以插入话语中起到修正的功能。

例 9： “You make me nervous,I was doing all right before then!”Cho told Harry ruefully.

“That was quite good,” Harry lied,but when she raised her eyebrows,he said, “well,no,it was lousy,but I know you can do it properly,I was watching from over there.”（Rowling，2004:350）

哈利教同学魔术，起初他在恭维张秋，但当他看到她的表现，他用话语标记语well来修正他之前的评价。

（五）well作为情感标记

交际中说话人需要表达自己的情感，或希望与对方在情感上的产生共鸣，通常使用话语标记语well来表达自己的心情，如：生气、吃惊、感叹、讽刺等。

例 10： “Potter,I’m going to give you one chance! ”shouted Bellatrix.“Give me the prophecy roll it out towards me now-and I may spare your life!”

“Well,you are going to have to kill me,because it’s gone!”Harry roared and,as he shouted it,pain seared across his forehead…（Rowling，2004:715）

well在该例中表达哈利愤怒的情绪。

（六）well作为思考延缓过程标记

在实际的语言交际中，说话人并非总是连续不断地进行会话，在某些情形下，需要思考以寻找恰当的语言来表达自己，为避免过长的停顿，这时话语标记语well就可以被会话人使用，暗示提供的信息还未完成或由于某种原因在迟疑，正在寻找合适的话语使会话继续进行。

例 11：“…Oh…hello,Harry.” said a nervous voice. “Um…bad time?”

Harry wiped the lenses of his glasses with his Trevorfree hand.A very pretty girl with long,shiny black hair was standing in the doorway smiling at him:Cho Chang,the Seeker on the Raven claw Quid ditch team.

“Oh…hi,” said Harry blankly.

“Um…”said Cho. “Well…just thought I’d say hello…bye then.”（Rowling，2004:170）

上例中张秋似乎一时语塞找不到适当的语言来表达自己，因此她需要时间思考，用well来表明她正在思考，以便寻找合适的语言来继续会话。