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静脉血栓栓塞症患者血清AT3、蛋白C、蛋白S水平临床分析

2014-03-31秦小玉等

中国医药科学 2014年1期

秦小玉等

[摘要] 目的 检测静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)患者血清中抗凝血酶(AT3)、蛋白C(PC)、蛋白S(PS)水平,分析其与VTE的关系。 方法 回顾性分析251例VTE患者性别、年龄特点及血清中AT3、PC、PS的水平,并与60例正常人血样进行对比。 结果 251例VTE患者中,男94例,女157例,男︰女=1.11︰1.4,中位年龄43(5~81)岁。AT3、PC、PS三者均有不同程度降低,其中AT3占15.14%(38例),PC占10.36%(26例),PS占20.3%(51例)。 结论 血浆AT3、PC、PS缺陷是促发VTE的重要原因,检测其水平变化对静脉血栓栓塞症的预防、诊断及治疗有指导意义。

[关键词] 静脉血栓栓塞症;抗凝血酶-Ⅲ;蛋白C;蛋白S

[中图分类号] R654.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)01-12-03

静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)是一个国际化健康问题,欧洲每年VTE导致的死亡大于500 000例,美国每年大约有300 000例VTE相关死亡发生,占人群疾病死因的第3位,仅次于肿瘤和心梗[1]。近年来,随着对静脉血栓的认识、医疗诊断水平的提高及流行病学研究的发展,静脉血栓栓塞症在亚洲人群的发病率逐步升高[2],大量研究表明,除产后、盆腔术后、外伤、癌症晚期、昏迷或长期卧床等获得性因素外,抗凝蛋白缺陷因素越来越不容忽视[3]。本研究对郑州大学第一附属

医院血管外科2012年1月~2013年2月251例静脉血栓栓塞症患者的抗凝蛋白进行检测,旨在对其与静脉血栓发生的相关性进行分析,为静脉血栓栓塞症的早期预防、早期诊断、早期治疗提供理论依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

2012年1月~2013年2月郑州大学第一附属医院血管外科诊断为静脉血栓栓塞症患者共251例,所有患者均行我院彩超及D-二聚体(大于500μg/L)检测,确诊为深静脉血栓。

1.2 方法

观察组及对照组检测对象共311例,观察组样本取自我科251例已确诊VTE患者,对照组样本取自60例健康成年人,均空腹采外周血检测抗凝血酶(antithrombin Ⅲ,AT3)、蛋白C(proteinC,PC)、蛋白S(proteinS,PS)活性。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS13.0统计软件,t检验及单因素方差分析进行统计学处理,检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果

251例VTE中,继发于术后出现者有95例(37.5%),最短为术后2d,最长为术后3个月;合并肿瘤者18例(7.2%),血栓复发者18例(7.2%)。观察组及对照组抗凝蛋白检测结果低于正常者所占比例见表1,统计分析结果见表2。

深静脉血栓形成是多种因素共同作用的结果,其中外伤及手术(37.5%)所占比例较多,其次是PS缺乏(20.3%),再次是AT3缺乏(15.1%)和PC缺乏(10.4%),手术合并抗凝蛋白缺乏者所占比例最小(7.2%)。这里主要讨论抗凝蛋白(PC、PS、AT3)缺乏所致静脉血栓形成。VTE患者血浆中AT3、PC、PS均值均低于对照组,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

3 讨论

研究表明,1/3的VTE患者会有静脉血栓后遗症或静脉瓣缺失,导致慢性下肢肿胀、溃疡及疼痛,30%的VTE患者术后8年内会出现血栓复发[4]。因此,明确VTE发生的原因并加以预防就显得非常重要。血液高凝状态、血流缓慢及血管壁损伤是造成该病的三大主要原因,单一因素较少致血栓形成,常常是2个或3个因素的综合作用,而其中血液成分改变所导致的高凝状态是最重要的因素之一。目前Souto等[5]的研究表明超过60%的血栓易感性是由遗传因素引起的,而遗传因素多见于抗凝蛋白缺陷。Andrew等[6]的相关研究认为VTE的发生是潜在的遗传易栓性和获得性突发事件的结合,遗传性抗凝蛋白缺陷代表一种持续的高凝状态,而VTE的发生是一个突发事件,高凝状态被某些容易引起血栓疾病的获得性因素诱发,导致VTE的发生。本研究通过251例VTE患者与60例对照组进行对比发现VTE患者血清中AT3、PC、PS三种抗凝蛋白的水平均有所降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。由此可见,抗凝蛋白的缺乏在血栓的发生、发展过程中发挥着重要的作用。

抗凝血酶Ⅲ是主要由肝脏合成的一种单链α2球蛋白,是丝氨酸蛋白抑制物超家族中的一员,是人体抗凝系统的主要因子之一,可以抑制血清中的凝血酶活化,从而防止纤维蛋白的形成。截止2007年3月31日报道的AT缺陷症病例已超过350例,AT基因突变的种类至少有211种[7-8]。PC、PS是体内重要的抗凝蛋白,属于蛋白C系统,其质或量的缺陷将导致机体抗凝功能的减退或丧失,从而影响凝血-抗凝机制平衡,与血栓形成密切相关。PS是PC的辅助因子,可与PC结合,形成膜结合型APC-PS复合体,该复合体使得凝血因子Va、VIIIa更易被APC降解,从而起到抗凝作用。最新研究表明,PS还具有组织因子途径抑制物(TFPI)辅因子活性,表现为PS可协助TFPI对组织因子(TF)的抑制[9]。同时PS也具有独立的抗凝活性,PS可与Zn2+结合,可直接抑制FX的活化[10-11]。由此可见,PS是参与到多通路的抗凝因子,不难理解PS缺陷是静脉血栓栓塞症的独立危险因素,本文研究的结果表明VTE患者中AT3、PC、PS三种抗凝蛋白的水平均有所降低,但PS缺陷所占比例最高,达20.3%,进一步证实PS在血清抗凝物质中的重要地位。

本研究通过对251例静脉血栓栓塞症患者抗凝蛋白水平的检测,并与60例对照组对比,证实了在VTE患者中存在着较明显的抗凝蛋白缺陷,AT3、PC、PS三种抗凝蛋白的水平均有所降低,三者缺乏率总和为45.8%,该结果高于我国学者白春梅等[12]研究的26.4%,低于台湾学者Shen等[13]报导的58.8%及香港学者Liu等[14]研究的53.2%,但均远高于西方国家的15%。而由凝血因子V的Leiden突变导致的血浆活化蛋白C抵抗(APCR)已被证实是西方欧美人群静脉血栓栓塞症最为相关的危险因素[15]。提示中国人静脉血栓栓塞症的病因组成可能与西方国家不同,反映出抗凝蛋白缺陷在我国VTE患者发病机制中的重要作用。我国最近Zhu等[16]的大样本病例对照研究表明,中国汉族普通人群中由分子遗传学方法确诊的遗传性AT缺乏者比例为0.08%,遗传性PS缺乏者比例为0.056%,遗传性PC缺乏者比例为0.29%。本文选取的60例非静脉血栓栓塞症对照组中,AT3、PC、PS三种抗凝蛋白缺陷均为0,可能与样本量选取的局限性有关。endprint

尽管在病因学上静脉血栓属于多基因-环境因素共同作用疾病,但随着静脉血栓遗传因素广泛开展,越来越多的研究表明抗凝蛋白在VTE发生发展中的作用越来越重要。更深入地探索其遗传背景,揭示更多的遗传危险因素,为静脉血栓的分子诊断、早期有效抗凝方案的制定甚至血栓的靶向治疗提供理论依据。本文研究表明了抗凝蛋白与VTE的发生有关联,但抗凝蛋白缺陷的程度与静脉血栓发生概率的关系仍需我们进一步探讨。

[参考文献]

[1] Cohen AT,Agnelli G,Anderson FA,et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(4):756-764.

[2] Zakai NA,Mcclure LA.Racial differences in venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(10):1877-1882.

[3] Shen L,Dahlback B.Factor V and protein S as synergistic cofactors to activated protein C in degradation of factor VIIIa[J].J Biol Chem,1994,269(29):18735-18738.

[4] Prandoni P,Lensing A W,Cogo A,et al.The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis[J].Ann Intern Med,1996,125(1):1-7.

[5] Souto JC,Almasy L,Borrell M,et al.Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors:the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia[J].Am J Hum Genet,2000,67(6):1452-1459.

[6] Schafer AI,Levine MN,Konkle BA,et al.Thrombotic disorders:diagnosis and treatment[J].Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2003:520-539.

[7] De Stefano V,Simioni P,Rossi E,et al.The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S[J].Haematologica,2006,91(5):695-698.

[8] Kuhli C,Jochmans K,Scharrer I,et al.Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(8):1165-1169.

[9] Hackeng TM,Maurissen LF,Castoldi E,et al.Regulation of TFPI function by protein S[J].J Thromb Haemost,2009,7(Suppl 1):165-168.

[10] Fernandes N,Mosnier LO,Tonnu L,et al.Zn2+-containing protein S inhibits extrinsic factor X-activating complex independently of tissue factor pathway inhibitor[J].J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(9):1976-1985.

[11] Chattopadhyay R,Sengupta T,Majumder R.Inhibition of intrinsic Xase by protein S: a novel regulatory role of protein S independent of activated protein C[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2012,32(10):2387-2393.

[12] 白春梅,潘家绮,范连凯.静脉血栓患者抗凝蛋白缺陷研究[J].中华内科杂志,2000,39(11):746.

[13] Shen MC,Lin JS,Tsay W.High prevalence of antithrombin Ⅲ,protein C and protein S deficiency,but no factor V Leiden mutation in venous thrombophilic Chinese patients in Taiwan[J].Thromb Res,1997,87(4):377-385.

[14] Liu HW,Kwong YL,Bourke C,et al.High incidence of thrombophilia detected in Chinese patients with venous thrombosis[J].Thromb Haemost,1994,71(4):416-419.

[15] Bertina RM,Koeleman BP,Koster T,et al.Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C[J].Nature,1994,369(6475):64-67.

[16] Zhu T,Ding Q,Bai X,et al.Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin,protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group[J].Haematologica,2011,96(7):1033-1040.

(收稿日期:2013-11-04)endprint

尽管在病因学上静脉血栓属于多基因-环境因素共同作用疾病,但随着静脉血栓遗传因素广泛开展,越来越多的研究表明抗凝蛋白在VTE发生发展中的作用越来越重要。更深入地探索其遗传背景,揭示更多的遗传危险因素,为静脉血栓的分子诊断、早期有效抗凝方案的制定甚至血栓的靶向治疗提供理论依据。本文研究表明了抗凝蛋白与VTE的发生有关联,但抗凝蛋白缺陷的程度与静脉血栓发生概率的关系仍需我们进一步探讨。

[参考文献]

[1] Cohen AT,Agnelli G,Anderson FA,et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(4):756-764.

[2] Zakai NA,Mcclure LA.Racial differences in venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(10):1877-1882.

[3] Shen L,Dahlback B.Factor V and protein S as synergistic cofactors to activated protein C in degradation of factor VIIIa[J].J Biol Chem,1994,269(29):18735-18738.

[4] Prandoni P,Lensing A W,Cogo A,et al.The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis[J].Ann Intern Med,1996,125(1):1-7.

[5] Souto JC,Almasy L,Borrell M,et al.Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors:the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia[J].Am J Hum Genet,2000,67(6):1452-1459.

[6] Schafer AI,Levine MN,Konkle BA,et al.Thrombotic disorders:diagnosis and treatment[J].Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2003:520-539.

[7] De Stefano V,Simioni P,Rossi E,et al.The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S[J].Haematologica,2006,91(5):695-698.

[8] Kuhli C,Jochmans K,Scharrer I,et al.Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(8):1165-1169.

[9] Hackeng TM,Maurissen LF,Castoldi E,et al.Regulation of TFPI function by protein S[J].J Thromb Haemost,2009,7(Suppl 1):165-168.

[10] Fernandes N,Mosnier LO,Tonnu L,et al.Zn2+-containing protein S inhibits extrinsic factor X-activating complex independently of tissue factor pathway inhibitor[J].J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(9):1976-1985.

[11] Chattopadhyay R,Sengupta T,Majumder R.Inhibition of intrinsic Xase by protein S: a novel regulatory role of protein S independent of activated protein C[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2012,32(10):2387-2393.

[12] 白春梅,潘家绮,范连凯.静脉血栓患者抗凝蛋白缺陷研究[J].中华内科杂志,2000,39(11):746.

[13] Shen MC,Lin JS,Tsay W.High prevalence of antithrombin Ⅲ,protein C and protein S deficiency,but no factor V Leiden mutation in venous thrombophilic Chinese patients in Taiwan[J].Thromb Res,1997,87(4):377-385.

[14] Liu HW,Kwong YL,Bourke C,et al.High incidence of thrombophilia detected in Chinese patients with venous thrombosis[J].Thromb Haemost,1994,71(4):416-419.

[15] Bertina RM,Koeleman BP,Koster T,et al.Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C[J].Nature,1994,369(6475):64-67.

[16] Zhu T,Ding Q,Bai X,et al.Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin,protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group[J].Haematologica,2011,96(7):1033-1040.

(收稿日期:2013-11-04)endprint

尽管在病因学上静脉血栓属于多基因-环境因素共同作用疾病,但随着静脉血栓遗传因素广泛开展,越来越多的研究表明抗凝蛋白在VTE发生发展中的作用越来越重要。更深入地探索其遗传背景,揭示更多的遗传危险因素,为静脉血栓的分子诊断、早期有效抗凝方案的制定甚至血栓的靶向治疗提供理论依据。本文研究表明了抗凝蛋白与VTE的发生有关联,但抗凝蛋白缺陷的程度与静脉血栓发生概率的关系仍需我们进一步探讨。

[参考文献]

[1] Cohen AT,Agnelli G,Anderson FA,et al.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality[J].Thromb Haemost,2007,98(4):756-764.

[2] Zakai NA,Mcclure LA.Racial differences in venous thromboembolism[J].J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(10):1877-1882.

[3] Shen L,Dahlback B.Factor V and protein S as synergistic cofactors to activated protein C in degradation of factor VIIIa[J].J Biol Chem,1994,269(29):18735-18738.

[4] Prandoni P,Lensing A W,Cogo A,et al.The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis[J].Ann Intern Med,1996,125(1):1-7.

[5] Souto JC,Almasy L,Borrell M,et al.Genetic susceptibility to thrombosis and its relationship to physiological risk factors:the GAIT study. Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia[J].Am J Hum Genet,2000,67(6):1452-1459.

[6] Schafer AI,Levine MN,Konkle BA,et al.Thrombotic disorders:diagnosis and treatment[J].Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program,2003:520-539.

[7] De Stefano V,Simioni P,Rossi E,et al.The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S[J].Haematologica,2006,91(5):695-698.

[8] Kuhli C,Jochmans K,Scharrer I,et al.Retinal vein occlusion associated with antithrombin deficiency secondary to a novel G9840C missense mutation[J].Arch Ophthalmol,2006,124(8):1165-1169.

[9] Hackeng TM,Maurissen LF,Castoldi E,et al.Regulation of TFPI function by protein S[J].J Thromb Haemost,2009,7(Suppl 1):165-168.

[10] Fernandes N,Mosnier LO,Tonnu L,et al.Zn2+-containing protein S inhibits extrinsic factor X-activating complex independently of tissue factor pathway inhibitor[J].J Thromb Haemost,2010,8(9):1976-1985.

[11] Chattopadhyay R,Sengupta T,Majumder R.Inhibition of intrinsic Xase by protein S: a novel regulatory role of protein S independent of activated protein C[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2012,32(10):2387-2393.

[12] 白春梅,潘家绮,范连凯.静脉血栓患者抗凝蛋白缺陷研究[J].中华内科杂志,2000,39(11):746.

[13] Shen MC,Lin JS,Tsay W.High prevalence of antithrombin Ⅲ,protein C and protein S deficiency,but no factor V Leiden mutation in venous thrombophilic Chinese patients in Taiwan[J].Thromb Res,1997,87(4):377-385.

[14] Liu HW,Kwong YL,Bourke C,et al.High incidence of thrombophilia detected in Chinese patients with venous thrombosis[J].Thromb Haemost,1994,71(4):416-419.

[15] Bertina RM,Koeleman BP,Koster T,et al.Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C[J].Nature,1994,369(6475):64-67.

[16] Zhu T,Ding Q,Bai X,et al.Normal ranges and genetic variants of antithrombin,protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group[J].Haematologica,2011,96(7):1033-1040.

(收稿日期:2013-11-04)endprint