非俯卧位以及大范围内界膜剥除治疗特发性黄斑裂孔疗效观察△
2014-03-08俞颂平应佳蓝淑琴陈战巧
俞颂平 应佳 蓝淑琴 陈战巧
非俯卧位以及大范围内界膜剥除治疗特发性黄斑裂孔疗效观察△
俞颂平 应佳 蓝淑琴 陈战巧
黄斑裂孔;内界膜剥除术;非俯卧位
目的探讨大范围内界膜剥除联合体积分数16%全氟丙烷(C3F8)玻璃体腔填充术后不采用俯卧位治疗特发性黄斑裂孔的效果。方法收集我院2010年3月至2013年1月63例(63眼)黄斑裂孔患者,所有特发性黄斑裂孔手术均由同一位手术医师完成,手术采取大范围内界膜剥除、体积分数16%C3F8玻璃体腔填充以及术后不采用俯卧位。手术方式均采用23 G睫状体平坦部玻璃体切割术。缓慢注射吲哚青绿(用50 g·L-1葡萄糖溶液稀释成0.08 g·L-1)染色内界膜约1 min,内界膜剥除至血管弓附近(直径约8000 μm),气-液交换,5 min后进行气体与体积分数16%C3F8交换。术后患者保持阅读位3~5 d,随访6个月。结果63例(63眼)患者中8例8眼为复发性裂孔(12.70%),距离前次手术1~3(1.3±2.1)a;20例(31.75%)2期,21例(33.33%)3期,22例(34.92%)4期。所有裂孔直径为(517.63±258.27)μm,其中4例裂孔直径超过1000 μm。术前最佳矫正视力为0.16±0.18,术后为0.27±0.15。单纯裂孔封闭率100%,术中术后未见严重并发症发生。结论大范围内界膜剥除+体积分数16%C3F8玻璃体腔填充及术后非俯卧位治疗特发性黄斑裂孔较以往的玻璃体腔气体填充以及俯卧位的治疗方式更加方便且有效。
[眼科新进展,2014,34(10):943-945]
近年来,随着眼科设备的改进和手术技巧的提高,黄斑裂孔的术后效果已非常理想[1-6],但目前规范是黄斑裂孔术后患者需进行较长时间的俯卧位[7-9],而这对患者造成了很大的负担甚至有些因无法耐受而失去了手术机会。本研究的目的在于通过研究较大样本的、无排除标准的黄斑裂孔修复率、最佳矫正视力和并发症,来评估大范围内界膜剥除手术+体积分数16%C3F8玻璃体腔填充以及非俯卧位对于黄斑裂孔修复的效果。
1 资料与方法
1.1一般资料回顾性研究我院2010年3月至2013年1月由同一位手术医师主刀的利用大范围内界膜剥除+体积分数16%C3F8玻璃体腔填充和非俯卧位治疗的63例(63眼)特发性黄斑裂孔患者。
1.2方法
1.2.1光学相干断层扫描检查所有黄斑裂孔患者术前均行光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检查,检查内容包括黄斑裂孔直径、裂孔最小距离(裂孔最窄部位的宽度)以及黄斑裂孔内口。黄斑裂孔分期标准:仅中心凹脱离,视力轻度下降,中心凹可见黄色斑点或黄色小环者为1期;全层裂孔、没有玻璃体后脱离、内口最小距离小于400 μm为2期;全层裂孔、没有玻璃体后脱离、最小距离或内口最小距离大于400 μm为3期;全层裂孔、有玻璃体后脱离为4期。
1.2.2手术方法采用23 G斜形切口的睫状体平坦部玻璃体切割术,根据情况缝合或不缝合手术切口。玻璃体全切除,必要时引导玻璃体后脱离。0.08 g·L-1吲哚青绿(用50 g·L-1葡萄糖溶液稀释)注射至视网膜上,染色约60 s(光源关闭)。利用镊子夹捏内界膜以及视网膜前膜大范围剥除,剥除直径大约为8000 μm,上下方均至血管弓为止,鼻侧自裂孔边缘剥至视盘颞侧,颞侧剥除范围与鼻侧半径大致相同。所有病例都进行仔细地全周边视网膜检查,以排除视网膜周边裂孔,如有可疑裂孔,则进行裂孔周边光凝或冷凝治疗。所有患者进行2次气-液交换,间隔5 min,以保证正常晶状体眼和人工晶状体眼都能有95%气体填充率。然后3个巩膜切口均按压或缝合进行封闭。如果巩膜切口需要缝合,那么巩膜用8-0可吸收缝线进行缝合,最后用50 mL针筒装满体积分数16%C3F8与眼球内进行气体交换。63例患者中,有8例患者因白内障影响手术视野,术中联合白内障超声乳化摘出及人工晶状体植入治疗。
1.2.3术后护理术后患者维持阅读姿势3~5 d,随访6个月。术后1 d、1周、1个月以及6个月检查眼压,术后1周、1个月和6个月进行OCT检查。所有患者术后7 d局部用妥布霉素地塞米松滴眼液,每天4次,15 d后逐渐减量,患者术后均使用裂隙灯以及OCT评估裂孔修复情况,裂孔封闭定义为OCT检查示所有子午线上视网膜内层完全平整地贴附。
术前术后跟每位患者展示阅读位,必要时对患者作微调以确保其阅读位是向下视,距离水平线45°左右,而颈部与面部位置没有改变,同时也建议患者使用书本或阅读材料来确保阅读位,术后1 d以及1周均确认阅读位良好。
1.4统计学方法黄斑裂孔封闭率采用二项分布95%可信区间,另外,单向方差分析用于比较术前与术后1 d、7 d、1个月和6个月的眼压。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1一般结果63例患者年龄为(56.0±7.6)岁,其中女43例(68.25%),男20例(31.75%),所有患者均为单眼发病,8例为复发性黄斑裂孔,距离前次手术1~3(1.3±2.1)a。7例(11.11%)人工晶状体眼,56例(88.89%)正常晶状体眼。术前黄斑裂孔20例(31.75%)2期、21例(33.33%)3期、22例(34.92%)4期,裂孔直径为(517.63±258.27)μm,最小距离(272.43±138.56)μm,内口(377.91±148.63)μm,其中4期的裂孔直径为288~1000(658.62±207.43)μm,4例裂孔直径超过1000 μm。
2.2手术前后视力比较所有患者术前最佳矫正视力为0.16±0.18,术后6个月最佳矫正视力为0.27±0.15。48例(76.19%)患眼达到0.3甚至更好的视力,51(80.95%)例患者视力提高3行或以上。所有患者裂孔封闭成功,未见并发症发生。
2.3手术前后眼压比较术后1 d、1周、1个月、6个月眼压分别为6~32(16.33±6.10)mmHg(1 kPa=7.5 mmHg)、6~27(14.23±4.83)mmHg、8~29(17.31±5.83)mmHg、10~24(15.34±2.32)mmHg,与术前眼压水平(15.00±3.43)mmHg比较无显著差异(P=0.09)。6例患者术后眼压高于30 mmHg,局部眼液治疗7 d后复查眼压正常;2例患者术后30 d内用激素类眼液导致激素性高眼压,停药后好转。
2.4术中术后并发症情况术中并发症:视网膜内界膜大范围剥除时,视网膜表面可有点状出血灶,一般术后第2天就基本吸收,不影响视力恢复。术后并发症:6例患者术后眼压高于30 mmHg,局部眼液治疗后7 d,复查眼压正常。
3 讨论
本研究表明大范围(直径大约8000 μm)内界膜剥除+体积分数16%C3F8玻璃体腔填充及非俯卧位对黄斑裂孔修复的治疗与以往文献报道的方法一样有效,甚至更有效[10]。基于本研究术后100%裂孔修复率,我们可以假设术后对患者俯卧位的要求可以放宽,同时这个发现也让我们重新考虑术后俯卧位对于黄斑裂孔修复的作用问题。过去黄斑裂孔修复手术内界膜剥除范围较小,为1~2 PD,术后用或不用俯卧位,裂孔封闭不理想或在术后早期即出现复发,因为以往的手术并没有采用吲哚青绿染色,从而导致内界膜剥除不全,所有未封闭的黄斑裂孔在进行再次手术完全剥除内界膜的情况下得以修复,因此内界膜剥除在黄斑裂孔修复中起着重要作用。
本研究中在没有俯卧位的情况下达到了100%的黄斑裂孔封闭率,使我们对于切线力和视网膜受到的填充压力在黄斑裂孔修复当中的作用机制有了更深的理解和认识。基于本研究结果,大范围内界膜剥除,术后3~5 d的阅读位给予了气泡对黄斑充分的压力和接触面积,可以促使黄斑裂孔修复。有高分辨率OCT研究表明77%黄斑裂孔在术后24 h即可达到封闭[10-12]。
此外,我们提出内界膜大范围剥除是本研究63例患者成功的另一个至关重要的因素。内界膜的切线方向收缩力是黄斑裂孔形成和不能修复的重要成因的假说,同时我们认为这些力量促使视网膜顺应性的降低,增加了杨氏模量。视网膜是同质均匀的有弹性的组织,而当收紧的内界膜在切线方向牵拉视网膜时,高内界膜杨氏模量导致视网膜层间结构变得不均匀。很多黄斑裂孔的吊桥形态支持我们的假说,内界膜使外层视网膜神经细胞感受器变形。大范围收紧的内界膜剥除移除了切线力,保存了视网膜的弹性,从而增强了视网膜总体的顺应性,当视网膜神经细胞感受器是正常高弹性组织时,气体填充提供的前后力即可诱导黄斑裂孔封闭。
因此,如果内界膜剥除增加视网膜顺应性,其应该是通过内界膜黄斑裂孔半径的强大作用实现的,这个假设告诉我们传统的1~2 PD大小的内界膜黄斑裂孔半径比大范围的剥除对于增强视网膜顺应性的作用要明显小得多,从而在直径较小的内界膜剥除的病例中,需要通过俯卧位来增加填充压力促使裂孔修复,而大范围内界膜剥除到血管弓可以显著增强视网膜顺应性,因此可以允许在阅读位提供较小的填充压力的情况下仍可很好地促使裂孔边缘贴附。
去除术后俯卧位而不影响裂孔修复对于黄斑裂孔患者来说是一项非常重要的进展,甚至可能比玻璃体切割术的改良意义更重大,因为特发性黄斑裂孔的患者大多数为老年人,而老年人由于颈椎及背部疾病的原因基本很难耐受术后体位要求,同时这类老人很多独居,因此长期保持面向下体位很难做到。很多患者觉得俯卧位是一项艰巨甚至是异常艰巨的任务,最终只有少数人能坚持,而坚持下来的患者很多患上尺神经麻痹或是褥疮[13-15]。
综上所述,虽然本研究存在其局限性,如病例数量有待增加,随访时间有待延长,但是我们的数据仍然证明了大范围内界膜剥除+体积分数16%C3F8玻璃体腔填充及非俯卧位治疗黄斑裂孔是有效的,且能显著减少患者的病态反应、增加患者满意度,并展示了黄斑裂孔手术方面一个显著的进步。
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date:Mar 21,2014
Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Fund(No:2012ZA137)From theDepartmentofOphthalmology,LishuiCentralHospital,LishuiHospitalofZhejiangUniversity,Lishui323000,ZhejiangProvince,China
No face-down positioning and broad internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular holes
YU Song-Ping,YING Jia,LAN Shu-Qin,CHEN Zhan-Qiao
macular holes;internal limiting membrane peeling;no face-down positioning
Objective To demonstrate the efficacy of broad internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and 16% perfluoropropane (C3F8) endotamponade with no face-down positioning in the surgical repair of idiopathic macular holes (IMH).Methods A total of 63 patients (63 eyes) in our hospital from March 2010 to January 2013 recruited in this study.All IMH surgeries were operated by same one surgeon,broad ILM peeling,16% C3F8endotamponade with no face-down positioning were performed.Surgeon method included 23-gauge pars plan vitrectomy.Indocyanine green dye (0.08 g·L-1) was injected slowly,allowed to stain for 1 minute,and then removed.ILM was broadly peeled to the vascular arcades (approximately 8000 μm in diameter),followed by 2 fluideair exchanges,separated by 5 minutes,and the air-16% C3F8exchanged.Patients maintained reading position for 3 days to 5 days and were followed up at least for 6 months.Results Eight patients (12.70%) had recurrent IMH,and mean duration from previous surgery was (1.3±2.1)years,ranged from 1 year to 3 years.20 cases (31.75%) were in stage 2,21 cases (33.33%) in stage 3,and 22 cases (34.92%) in stage 4.IMH basal diameter was (517.63±258.27)μm,and four IMH had a basal diameter of more than 1000 μm.The preoperative BCVA was 0.16±0.18,and the postoperative BCVA was 0.27±0.15.The single-procedure IMH closure rate was 100%,and no serious complication was observed.Conclusion Macular hole surgery with broad ILM peeling,16% C3F8gas,and no face-down positioning is more effective in the surgical treatment of IMH compared with gas endotamponade and face-down positioning.
俞颂平,男,1964年11月出生,浙江东阳人,硕士,教授,主任医师。联系电话:0578-2681219(O);E-mail:yusongping-zhj-c@163.com
AboutYUSong-Ping:Male,born in November,1964.Master degree,professor,chief physician.Tel:+86-578-2681219(O);E-mail:yusongping-zhj-c@163.com
2014-03-21
浙江省中医药科学研究基金资助(编号:2012ZA137)
323000 浙江省丽水市,浙江大学丽水医院丽水市中心医院眼科
应佳,E-mail:yingjiaenjoy@163.com
俞颂平,应佳,蓝淑琴,陈战巧.非俯卧位以及大范围内界膜剥除治疗特发性黄斑裂孔疗效观察[J]. 眼科新进展,2014,34(10):943-945.
10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2014.0261
【应用研究】
修回日期:2014-05-26
本文编辑:方红玲
Accepteddate:May 26,2014
Responsibleauthor:YING Jia,E-mail:yingjiaenjoy@163.com
[RecAdvOphthalmol,2014,34(10):943-945]
r holes (IMH).Methods A total of 63 patients (63 eyes) in our hospital from March 2010 to January 2013 recruited in this study.All IMH surgeries were operated by same one surgeon,broad ILM peeling,16% C
3
F
8
endotamponade with no face-down positioning were performed.Surgeon method included 23-gauge pars plan vitrectomy.Indocyanine green dye (0.08 g·L
-1
) was injected slowly,allowed to stain for 1 minute,and then removed.ILM was broadly peeled to the vascular arcades (approximately 8000 μm in diameter),followed by 2 fluideair exchanges,separated by 5 minutes,and the air-16% C
3
F
8
exchanged.Patients maintained reading position for 3 days to 5 days and were followed up at least for 6 months.Results Eight patients (12.70%) had recurrent IMH,and mean duration from previous surgery was (1.3±2.1)years,ranged from 1 year to 3 years.20 cases (31.75%) were in stage 2,21 cases (33.33%) in stage 3,and 22 cases (34.92%) in stage 4.IMH basal diameter was (517.63±258.27)μm,and four IMH had a basal diameter of more than 1000 μm.The preoperative BCVA was 0.16±0.18,and the postoperative BCVA was 0.27±0.15.The single-procedure IMH closure rate was 100%,and no serious complication was observed.Conclusion Macular hole surgery with broad ILM peeling,16% C
3
F
8
gas,and no face-down positioning is more effective in the surgical treatment of IMH compared with gas endotamponade and face-down positioning.
俞颂平,男,1964年11月出生,浙江东阳人,硕士,教授,主任医师。联系电话:0578-2681219(O);E-mail:yusongping-zhj-c@163.com
AboutYUSong-Ping:Male,born in November,1964.Master degree,professor,chief physician.Tel:+86-578-2681219(O);E-mail:yusongping-zhj-c@163.com
2014-03-21
浙江省中医药科学研究基金资助(编号:2012ZA137)
323000 浙江省丽水市,浙江大学丽水医院丽水市中心医院眼科
应佳,E-mail:yingjiaenjoy@163.com
俞颂平,应佳,蓝淑琴,陈战巧.非俯卧位以及大范围内界膜剥除治疗特发性黄斑裂孔疗效观察[J]. 眼科新进展,2014,34(10):943-945.
10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2014.0261
【应用研究】
修回日期:2014-05-26
本文编辑:方红玲
Accepteddate:May 26,2014
Responsibleauthor:YING Jia,E-mail:yingjiaenjoy@163.com
[RecAdvOphthalmol,2014,34(10):943-945]