what和whatever引导从句的异同
2014-01-17雷静
雷静
what和whatever作为引导词来引导从句,它们之间到底有什么异同点?what只能引导名词性从句,如主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,whatever既可以引导名词性从句,又可以引导让步状语从句。
一、what引导名词性从句
what引导名词性从句时,可在主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中充当成分,其意思主要有以下两种:一是含有疑问含义,表示“什么……”;二是相当于“名词/代词+关系代词引导的定语从句”结构,意为“……的事情/东西/样子/颜色”等。
下面我们看看what在句中的意思以及相应的句子转换。
1. I have tried my best to do what I can to help him.
为了帮助他,我已经尽我的最大努力去做我所能做的事情。
what引导宾语从句,在句中相当于the thing that。
2. Before a problem can be solved,it must be obvious what the problem is.
在解决问题前,我们必须要弄清楚问题是什么。
it 为形式主语,what引导主语从句,且在从句中作表语,what在句中意为“什么”,表示疑问。
3. Do you have any idea what is actually going on in the classroom?
你知道教室里正在发生什么事情吗?
what引导同位语从句,此处what也表示疑问,意为“什么”,且what在从句中作主语。
4. —Are you still thinking about yesterdays game?
—Oh,thats ____.
A. what makes me feel excited
B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it
D. when I feel excited
解析:答案为A。此题考查what引导的表语从句,what在从句中作主语,意为“……的事情”,what在句中相当于the thing that。
5. A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
解析:答案为A。句意为“在十年前还是废墟的地方修建了一座现代化城市”。该题极易受“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的干扰,其实in后应看成宾语从句,且从句中缺少主语。此处what引导介词in的宾语从句,相当于 a place that,意为“……的地方”。
6. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ____ it is.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
解析:答案为A。句意为“这里的海滨每年夏天都会吸引大量游客,温暖的阳光和松软的沙滩便是其魅力所在”。此题考查what引导的宾语从句,what在从句中作is的表语,意为“……的样子”,what在句中相当于the appearance that。
二、whatever引导名词性从句
1. She is very dear to me. We have been prepared to do ____ it takes to save her life.
A. whichever B. however
C. whatever D. whoever
解析:答案为C。句意为“她对我们来说非常珍贵,我们已经准备好为她做一切事情来挽救她的生命”。此题考查whatever引导的宾语从句,且whatever在从句中作takes的宾语。
2. Im always ready to do whatever the Party demands.
我总是乐意做党要求做的任何事情。
whatever在句中引导宾语从句,相当于anything that。
3. Whatever I do is none of your business.
我所做的任何事情都与你无关。
whatever引导主语从句,意为“所……的任何事情”,其语气较强,概念较笼统。
4. It is very hard for Mary to work there,for whatever she does cant satisfy her boss.
玛丽很难在那里工作,因为她做的任何事情都不能使她的老板满意。
whatever在句中引导主语从句,意为“所……的任何事情”,相当于anything that。
whatever引导名词性从句,是what的强势语,whatever可在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语,意为“所……的任何(一切)事(东西)”,相当于“anything +定语从句”,强调不同的情况,具有泛指的概念。what引导名词性从句,意为“……的事情”,表示具体情况,语气比whatever要弱。
三、whatever引导让步状语从句
whatever除了可引导名词性从句,也可引导让步状语从句,意为“无论什么”,相当于no matter what,此处what不能代替whatever。当whatever引导让步状语从句时,从句既可放主句之前,也可放主句之后;只是当whatever引导让步状语从句时,我们一般在主从句中间加逗号,而主句放句首时中间不加逗号。如:
1. Whatever you do in the future,you must obey the rules.
无论你今后做什么,你都要遵守规则。
此句我们也可以这样说:You must obey the rules whatever you do in the future.
2. Please stay calm whatever happens.
此句我们也可以这样说:Whatever happens,you must stay calm.
无论发生什么事情,你都要保持冷静。
3. You will have our full support whatever you decide.
此句我们也可以这样说:Whatever you decide,you will have our full support.
无论你作出什么决定,你都会得到我们的全力支持。
注意:whatever 既可引导让步状语从句,又可引导名词性从句,no matter what只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句。在一般情况下,如果选项中既有whatever,又有no matter what 时,我们常选whatever。如:
4. ____ he does has nothing to do with me.
A. No matter what B. Whatever
解析:答案为B。句意为“无论他做什么都跟我没有关系”。no matter what 只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句。whatever既可以引导让步状语从句,也可以引导名词性从句。whatever在句中引导主语从句,在主语从句中作宾语。
5. ____ was said here must be kept secret.
A. Whatever B. No matter what
解析:答案为A。句意为“我们在这儿说的无论什么都必须保密”。whatever在句中引导主语从句,在主语从句中作主语。(责任编校/彭益)