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巧记短语,写活文章

2013-12-29曹燕

考试周刊 2013年22期

摘 要: 本文主要论述了短语运用对提高初中生写作水平的重要作用,重点阐述了培养学生灵活运用短语的重要策略和方法。

关键词: 短语运用 书面表达 初中写作教学

对于农村初中生来说,书面表达是他们英语学习中的一大难题。其难点在于:词汇表达难,连词成句难,篇章融合难,语法无错难,写出精彩文章难。下面我仅从短语运用为学生写作奠定基础的角度谈些教学体验,以供读者参考并加以指正。

一、短语运用是书面表达的重要基础

词汇是语言的三大要素之一,是语言赖以生存的支柱。英国应用语言学家威尔金斯(D.wilkins,1976)说:“没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇,人们则不能表达任何东西。”而语块是事先预制好的相对稳定的词的组合,它包含了某个词的特定的结构(grammatical pattern)。英语自然语言中存在大量的这种兼有句和词汇特征的固定或半固定的语言结构。

短语运用对书面表达有几个方面的作用:一是使文章表达生动形象,感染力增强;二是使语言精练到位,言简意赅。尽可能恰当地使用短语是写好书面表达的有效方法之一。对学生来说,在英语学习中多积累短语,扩大短语“内存”量,形成语感,厚积薄发,等到要用时就可信手拈来,有话可说,有文可写。

以下是以“Lower Carbon,Happier life”为题的两篇初三学生的习作,我们进行一个对比。

文章一:It’s our duty to save the environment.How spend the World Environment Day become a very popular topic?Use the car less is the best way to protect the environment.I will ride a bike to school.I will also use energy-saving lamps at home and spend less time a shower.And it is important to send my used books to the lower grades students.There are we can do really many things.Lower carbon,happier life.Let’s take actions.

文章二:It’s our duty to save the environment,so I and my parents have made a plan to protect the environment.

To begin with,my parents and I decide to ride bikes to school and work.Then,we will use the lights which need less energy and will also spend less time taking a shower.It’s one of the best ways to save water.In addition,as for students,we can give books that we have used to lower grades.Last but not the least,we are supposed to turn off the lights when we leave classroom or home.I believe that the mouR3oDlglMRDwo2A3Xd8YzDB0EbZ7DQTG/0SsNM9P5Eg=re you do for environment,the happier you are.Lower carbon,happier life. Let’s take actions.

通过对比,我们不难发现文章二中运用了12个已学过的短语,可谓语言流畅,精练到位,且句句闪亮。相反文章一中虽然用到了个把短语,但是短语运用不准确,造成文章不够连贯,表达平平。因此,一旦短语运用恰当,我们就可以发现这些短语在文中起到了准确表达、生动描述、增强力度的作用。

二、巧记短语的策略

1.联想归类策略

归类就是找出短语之间的联系,造成更多的联想条件,它有利于短语的记忆和巩固。利用联想,对同类词组归类,同义词组反义词组对比。同类词组归纳有很多方法,如运用头脑风暴(brainstorming)形式,例如,当我讲授Go for it!初一教材中第七单元中周末活动时,就要求学生联想与此有关的词组,学生就会联想到play basketball;play chess;read books;watch TV;go swimming;surf the Internet;do some cleaning;go shopping;visit the museum;climb mountains;go to a movie等。

引导学生对这些短语进行联想,可使学生熟悉这些短语的用法,进一步加深理解和记忆。

2.固定搭配记忆策略

短语指具有一定习语性质的词组,即由一个以上单词组成的“固定词组”,比如get up;help with;get along with;be famous for;go to bed;wait for。而搭配词,指那些一起出现频率很高的词语,最典型的是动词—名词、形容词—名词搭配,比如make friends;have breakfast;read books;play basketball;a beautiful girl;a world-famous pianist;a great book。还有一部分可以称之为惯用话语,指形式固定或半固定语用功能的动词组合。它们也可以是完整的句子,如it is easy to do;there is no doubt that;it is said/believed that。也可以是句子的开头,如 Generally speaking;personally speaking;in a word;above all;all in all.

3.关联短语记忆策略

在书面表达中,关联短语的使用会使文章更加顺畅,起承转接更加自然。因此,我认为关联短语的记忆是写好书面表达的一项重要内容。常用的关联短语有以下几类:

表顺序:at first,first of all,to begin with,at last,in the end等。

表原因:because of,for the reason等。

表结果:as a result,lead to,so...that等。

表解释:in other words,for example,to be honest,to tell the truth等。

表对比:as...as,not so...as,more than,less than,no more than,rather than等。

表递进:what’s more,what’s worse,in addition等。

表结论:as a result,in a world,in short,at last,in the end,to sum up等。

表目的:so that,in order to,in order that等。

表并列:both...and,not only...but also,...as well,for one thing...for another thing等。

表个人观点:in my opinion,personally speaking,I think/believe...

三、综合运用写活文章

以下是一篇书面表达的考题,其内容如下:最近你们班的学生和老师展开一场关于学生能否骑自行车上学的讨论,请你就此内容写一篇文章,要求内容全面,字数不少于100字

Can students go to school by bike?

Recently we have had a discussion with our teachers about whether students can go to school by bike.?摇?摇?摇 ?摇。

根据要点提示,很明显这是一篇观点性的半开放式的作文,要求学生把老师的观点表达清楚,并加上学生自己的观点。审题准确之后,学生可以考虑运用那些自己在平时学习中积累的短语或固定搭配.

运用短语和固定搭配,学生就能更加灵活地写好文章,遇到写作就不会再胆怯了。以下是我的一名学生在此指导下写的一篇文章,充分达到了巧用短语、写活文章的目的。

Can students go to school by bike?

Recently we have had a discussion with our teachers about whether students can go to school by bike.

Our teachers are against it strongly.At first,they think students may easy to fall down and get hurt if they are not careful enough.What’s worse,it may even cause some traffic accidents.Another problem is that there is no place to park bikes at school.

Personally speaking,I hope we’re allowed to ride bikes to school.For one thing,it’s a good way to help us keep in good health.For another thing,parents will get relaxed if they don’t need to take their kids to school.In addition,riding bikes is a great idea to protect our environment.We’re supposed to have a low-carbon life.

四、结语

教师要让学生认识到短语在书面表达中的威力之大,含金量之高。要让学生对短语多记,则积少成多;多用,则熟能生巧。待到能“巧”用短语那日,便是书面表达“活色生香”之时。

参考文献:

[1]汤利平.培养记忆策略 提高词汇教学效率[J].中学生英语(高中)教师版,2010,9.

[2]胡春洞,王才仁.外语教育语言学[M].广西教育出版社,1996,5.

[3]罗巧云.熟记短语,写“亮”作文[J].中学生英语(高中)教师版,2010,10.