谈谈高中英语书面表达教学

杨进山

一篇文章，不管有多少段，其结构不外乎由引言（introduction）、正文（body）和结尾（conclusion）三大部分组成。

一、引言的写法

1. 主题句法：开门见山，直接点出主题或亮出作者对问题的看法。

As the pace of life continues to increase， we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life， being on the go from morning till night， it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.

2. 问题法：用问题来引出文章内容。

Is there a “success personality”—some successful combination of traits that leads almost certainly to achievement？ If so， exactly what is that secret success formula， and can anyone cultivate it？

3. 数据法：引用已经证实的数据来提出问题。

The fact that less than 5 percent of the British population graduate from university may seem surprising， especially when viewed beside the American percentage of over 30 percent. To understand this contract， one needs to consider social differences between the two countries， as well as differences in their theories of education.

4. 引语法：引用名言或常用的习语、谚语等作为文章的开头。

“The proper study of mankind is man.”said Alexander Pope. Most psychologists have carried this idea further than Pope would have imaged.

5. 对立法：先引出人们对某一问题的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的看法。

When asked about what kind of career they will pursue after graduation， most of the college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them a lot of money and a comfortable life. But as for me， I prefer a career which will help realize my potential.

二、正文的写法

正文通常由一段或几段组成，从不同侧面对文章的主题展开讨论，各段阐述的主题必须与文章的主题一致。

三、结尾的写法

结尾段用于概括全文的内容。常用结尾段的写法有：

1.结论性结尾：照应引言段，进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。

2. 建议性结尾：就文章讨论的问题提出解决问题的方法或建议，指明努力的方向。

3. 引语性结尾：引用名人名言、谚语来总结全文。

4. 反问式结尾：以问句的形式表明肯定的意义，具有明显的强调作用，以引起读者思考。

5. 转折性结尾：指出所讨论问题的消极一面或有可能产生的不良后果。

四、列提纲

提纲是写作的计划，也是一篇文章的基本框架。列提纲有下列好处：有助于理清和扩大思路；可以按次序排好素材；将文章分段；明确写作的中心，不至于走题。高考时间有限，学生更应注意列提纲理清思路，保证文章的条理性。如：

Thesis： New Tuition Fee Policy

引言：New tuition fee policy—all pay for tuition

正文：Some poor students facing difficulties

a. pay or tuition， books， accommodation and other necessities of life

b. try their best but cannot bear the expenses， some get into debt， some on the edge of discontinuing schooling

结尾： the measures to lighten their family burden

a. set up scholarship

b. establish low-interest loans

c. provide more part-time jobs

在此基础上，将上述提纲中的各占写成句子并加上必要的过渡词连贯成文，便可写成一篇短文。

当然，提纲并非是固定不变的。在写作过程中，还会出现新的灵感，可以根据文章内容和结构的需要进行适当的修改。但文章的形式和主要内容基本上都是写作前决定的，因而写作前的酝酿和计划是最为关键的阶段。