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剖析2012江苏高考英语任务型阅读的解题技巧

2013-04-29吴涛

中学课程辅导·高考版 2013年1期
关键词:原词表格解析

一、题型特点和要求

自2005年9月1日起江苏省开始使用译林出版社和牛津大学出版社联合出版的高中英语课标教材,特别重视学生“综合语言应用能力”的培养,“着重提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”,“注重发展学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力”。为体现高中英语课程和课标教材采用的“任务型”教学途径,2008年英语学科考试说明对考生题型、分值以及考试要求做了适当改革,撤下了对话填空题,而代之以读写相结合的任务型阅读。在总结2008年高考命题经验的基础上,2009年英语学科考试说明对任务型阅读提出了更为明确的要求。2010年以来,“考试说明”把任务型阅读的要求做了调整,改为“根据所读,用恰当的词语补全全文提纲,概括关键内容。”任务型阅读提供了两种示范——树状式和表格式。题例中要求考生根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格内填入一个最恰当的单词。注意每空一词。其中在第二示例中特别强调“补全填空应符合语法和搭配要求”。这些变化要求考生能够顺利读懂文章,并能够掌握大意和分析文章结构框架。同时也要求考生拥有扎实的语法和词汇知识,做到应用自如。但是根据2012年江苏高考英语阅卷反馈来看,任务型阅读的平均分比较低。所以,怎样提高解答任务型的能力是我们迫于解决的问题。

任务型阅读的考点设计为:信息筛选题(寻找信息),信息整合题(重组信息),信息概括题(综合信息)三类;完成表格所填词的特点为:文中原词,文中词的词形、词性、词义的变化词,重组信息用文外的词表述同一意义的词,以及常见的归纳、概括词。常见的表示概括性的词汇有:

1.表示意义的significance;2.表示类别的type, kind, sort;3.表示影响的effect, influence;4.表示功能作用的function, use;5.表示主题的topic, title, theme;6.表示目的的purpose, aim, goal;7.表示结果的result, consequence;8.表示重要性的importance, significance, value;9.表示特征的feature, characteristic;10.表示赞成和反对的pros and cons;11.表示异同的similarity, difference;12.表示原因的cause (of), reason (for);13.表示评述的comment, assessment;14.表示利弊的advantage, disadvantage;15.表示地点的place, location, where (ver);16.表示过程的process, procedure, routine;17.表示概括的summary, outline, conclusion;18.表示建议的suggestion (for / about / on), tip (of / on), advice (on);19.表示观点、态度的opinion (of), view (on / about), attitude (to / towards);20.表示简介某个现象或问题brief / general introduction, phenomenon, problem;21.表示方法的way(of + 名词 / doing / to do sth.), method (of + 名词),means (of + 名词),approach (to + 名词)。

在复习过程中,速记这类词汇对我们解决这类概括性的问题非常有好处。

二、解题思路

任务型阅读题以填空的形式考查学生捕捉与处理文章与表格所示信息的能力,即综合应用语言的能力。试题由文章和图表两部分组成。考生需要根据文章内容和图表要求填空。文章多为说明文或议论文,一般篇幅较长,通常在400词以上。表格则形象地展现了文章的框架与结构。图表中的题目可分为三类:捕捉信息题、组织信息题和归纳信息题。任务型阅读通常需要在经过对信息的理解、判断、推理、概括和总结等处理后,才能按要求准确表达材料的内容,填写恰当的单词完成表格。这就要求我们:

1.掌握快捷解题步骤。

通常做法是:第一步,理解材料的大意。第二步,分析文章的框架和所列表格的命题特征。第三步,找准信息定位,规范所填单词形式。

2.把握主干信息和有效细节信息。

文章的开头和结尾,以及每一段的第一句是重点阅读的地方,有助于我们把握文章的主旨大意,把握文章的观点、作者的态度等信息。

3.分析表格线索:通过分析表格的项目内容和提示,分清表格的概括栏与细节栏,确定表格的设计线索。

4.对照原文、比照同一栏目,清晰准确填词:定位所填词汇与文章对应语句,分析与原文的表达差异,确定所填单词的类型。

三、解题技巧

1.获取信息:信息的理解;文章的结构和层次等。

2.处理信息:信息的分层:时间顺序;空间顺序;逻辑层次;共性与差异等。

3.加工信息:信息的分类:事物的特点、性质、要求等;问题的原因、解决方法、行为动机;就某事出现的多种观点、看法以及建议;作者的写作态度和目的等。

4.应用信息:(1)词性的一致:名词性表达、动词性表达、形容词性表达等;(2)词形的正确使用:名词的性、数、格;动词的第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词;形容词、副词的比较级和最高级等;(3)词和词语的灵活运用。

①前缀和后缀:He was not fit for his job. / He was unfit for his job.

After that many people lost their houses. / After that many people became homeless.

②同义词和反义词:Most people are for the proposal. / Most people are against the proposal.

Most people are in favour of the proposal. / Most people support the proposal.

③常用句型:It is said that he is honest. / He is said to be honest.

She spends an hour working out every day. / It takes her an hour to work out every day.

④词语搭配:He saw something strange over there. / He caught sight of something strange over there.

Hu Jin Tao visited Europe last month. / Hu Jin Tao paid a visit to Europe last month.

四、高考真题和解析

1.高考真题(2012年江苏卷)

第四部分:任务型阅读(共10小题:每小题1分,满分10分)

请认真阅读下列短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。

“Happiness Advantage” Effect

In July 2010 Burts Bees, a personal-care products company, was going through enormous change as it began a global expansion into 19 new countries. In this kind of high-pressure situation, many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings or flood their in-boxes with urgent demands. In doing so, managers lift everyones anxiety level, which activates the part of the brain that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex (大脑皮层), which is responsible for effective problem solving.

Burts Beess then-CEO, John Wolfgang, took a different approach. Each day, hed send out an e-mail praising a team member for work related to global marketing. Hed interrupt his own presentations to remind his managers to talk with their teams about the companys values. He asked me to further a three-hour session with employees on happiness in the course of the expansion effort. As one member of the senior team told me a year later, Wolfgangs emphasis on developing positive leadership kept his managers actively involved and loyal as they successfully transformed the company into a global one.

That outcome shouldnt surprise us. Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set (思维模式), performance on nearly every level—productivity, creativity, involvement—improves. Yet happiness is perhaps the most misunderstood driver of performance. For one, most people believe that success comes before happiness. “Once I get a promotion, Ill be happy,” they think. Or, “Once I hit my sales target, Ill feel great.” But because success is a moving target—as soon as you hit your target, you raise it again—the happiness that results from success does not last long.

In fact, it works the other way around: People who have a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the “happiness advantage”—every business outcome shows improvement when the brain is positive. Ive observed this effect in my role as a researcher and lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between employee happiness and success. And Im not alone: In an analysis of 225 academic studies, researchers found strong evidence of cause-and-effect relationship between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes.

Another common misunderstanding is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an impact. But ones general sense of well-being is surprisingly unstable. The habits you form, the way you interact with colleagues, how you think about stress—all these can be managed to increase your happiness and your chances of success.

2.答案及解析:

71. bother / annoy。【解析】根据第一段第二句话中...many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings or flood their in-boxes with urgent demands,属于使用文章中的原词。

72. anxiety / concern / worry。【解析】根据第一段第三句话中In doing so, managers lift everyones anxiety level...。还是属于使用文章中的原词。

73. aware / considerate / conscious。【解析】根据文章第二段第一句“Burts Beess then-CEO, John Wolfgang, took a different approach.”他用了不同的方法。他了解助手的那种感觉。be aware of 意识到,了解到。

74. loyal / faithful / devoted / committed。【解析】根据文章第二段第五句中..., Wolfgangs emphasis on developing positive leadership kept his managers actively involved and loyal as they successfully transformed the company into a global one. 和71以及72题相同,属于使用文章中的原词。

75. difference。【解析】根据文章第三段和第四段可知Wolfgang和上面第一段提到的那些负责人的做法不同,他的这种方法很有区别,故填的是make a difference有区别,有影响。

76. positively。【解析】根据文章第四段第一句中...People who have a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge利用原词,但修饰动词think时要变为副词。

77. success / achievements。【解析】根据文章第三段最后一句...“the happiness that results from success does not last long.已经是第四道利用原词的题目。

78. strongly。【解析】根据文章第四段第四句“...researchers found strong evidence of cause-and-effect relationship between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes.” 利用原词,但修饰分词proved时要变为副词。

79. determined / decided。【解析】根据文章第五段第一句 “Another common misunderstanding is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are.”,实际上是主动语态改为被动语态。

80. chances / possibilities / opportunities。【解析】根据文章最后一段...all these can be managed to increase your happiness and your chances of success.在这十道题中第五次使用原词。

(作者:吴涛,南京市第三高级中学)

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