胸腰椎后路经伤椎椎弓根螺钉短节段内固定治疗Denis B型骨折
2013-04-08牛通
牛通
(济宁市第一人民医院脊柱外科,山东济宁272000)
胸腰椎后路经伤椎椎弓根螺钉短节段内固定治疗Denis B型骨折
牛通
(济宁市第一人民医院脊柱外科,山东济宁272000)
目的探讨经胸腰椎后路短节段伤椎椎弓根螺钉固定复位治疗Denis B型胸腰椎骨折的疗效。方法对收治的36例Denis B型胸腰椎骨折患者行经伤椎短节段椎弓根螺钉复位固定术。受伤节段:T12骨折10例,L1骨折12例,L2骨折9例,L3骨折5例。神经功能Frankel分级:A级0例,B级0例,C级3例,D级13例,E级20例。术前影像学检查示骨折椎体均有楔形变,其下终板及椎体下部保持完整。受伤至手术时间3~6 d,平均4d。采用后路短节段伤椎椎弓根螺钉系统进行复位、固定。结果手术时间90~120min,平均110min;术中出血量200~400mL,平均310mL。术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无严重并发症发生,无脊髓、神经功能加重。36例均获随访,随访时间10~30个月,平均18个月。术后2周摄X线片示骨折椎体高度恢复至正常的80%~95%。脊髓功能术后均有不同程度恢复。结论胸腰椎后路经伤椎椎弓根螺钉复位固定治疗Denis B型胸腰椎骨折复位效果良好,减少了切口的长度,减少了出血量,尽最大努力保存了患者的活动节段。
胸腰椎骨折;伤椎内固定;外科手术
Denis B型胸腰椎爆裂骨折仅累及上终板损伤,其发生率约占胸腰椎骨折的54.7%[1]。椎弓根螺钉复位治疗胸腰椎骨折,通过韧带整复作用可达到矫正后凸畸形的目的,由于患者下终板正常,椎弓根也正常。因此,可以通过伤椎椎弓根打入椎弓根螺钉,伤椎上一椎体也植入椎弓根,牵拉复位上终板,能达到较好骨折复位。现将近来Denis B型胸腰椎骨折治疗结果报道如下。
1临床资料
1.1一般资料Denis B型胸腰椎骨折患者36例,其中男24例,女12例;年龄22~58岁,平均43岁。车祸伤15例,高处坠落伤17例,重物砸伤4例。受伤节段:T12骨折10例,L1骨折12例,L2骨折9例,L3骨折5例。神经功能Frankel分级:A级0例,B级0例,C级3例,D级13例,E级20例。术前影像学检查示骨折椎体均有楔形变,其下终板及椎体下部保持完整。两侧椎弓根无断裂,椎弓根完整。受伤至手术时间3~6 d,平均4 d。
1.2手术方法患者在全麻下取俯卧位,后正中入路,显露椎板、关节突。伤椎及上位椎体植入椎弓根螺钉,共4枚椎弓根螺钉。根据术前是否有神经症状,CT检查是否有骨块突入椎管内,决定是否行椎板开窗减压术。突入椎管内骨块一般在伤椎后上缘,不必全部切除椎板,只是切除椎板上缘部分,开窗使用自制的L形复位器将骨块推回伤椎,解除硬膜囊压迫。安装预弯合适的连接棒,先拧紧伤椎的钉棒连接,使其成固定关系。然后提拉上位正常椎体椎弓根螺钉与连杆相接,使伤椎上位骨折终板复位。锁固钉棒连接,不需安装横连杆。
2结果
本组手术时间90~120min,平均110min;术中出血量200~400mL,平均310mL。术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无严重并发症发生,无脊髓、神经功能加重。36例均获随访,随访时间10~30个月,平均18个月。术后2周摄X线片,骨折椎体高度恢复至正常的80%~95%。脊髓功均有不同程度恢复:C级3例恢复到D级,D级13例中有10例恢复到E级,E级20例中17完全恢复正常。术后6、9、12个月影像学检查示所有患者骨折均获骨性融合,未出现内固定松动、断裂现象,伤椎高度无丢失。
3讨论
3.1 Denis B型胸腰椎骨折的特点及手术入路的选择Denis B型胸腰椎骨折为上终板塌陷型,特点为椎体上位终板破坏,椎体上部分压缩并后凸,但下终板及下位椎间盘相对完整,椎弓根一般尚完整,临床最为多见。椎弓根螺钉技术利用韧带整复作用,恢复伤椎高度、矫正后凸畸形[2]。关于Denis B型胸腰椎骨折手术入路,目前多主张采取后路撑开复位、减压跨节段内固定的手术方式,既可解决突入椎管内的骨块压迫问题,又可通过椎板切除解决后方压迫,同时完成骨折椎体的复位、恢复伤椎高度、纠正后凸畸形及侧方移位;且操作简便、手术创伤相对小、恢复快,在临床上广泛使用,取得了良好的疗效[3]。
3.2 Denis B型胸腰椎骨折植钉协助复位固定的优点目前国内外常用的后路术式为跨伤椎4枚螺钉固定技术,并取得了满意疗效[4-5],但也存在需要固定3个节段,切口相对较大的缺点。肌肉等软组织剥离较多,术后患者胸腰部僵硬感明显,腰部不灵活,手术创伤相对较大,我科采用伤椎植钉联合上位椎体椎弓根螺钉撑开复位治疗Denis B型胸腰椎骨折,固定仅2个节段,有切口小、软组织剥离少、术中出血少、手术时间快、骨折复位好等特点,术后患者疤痕小,腰痛、腰部僵硬等症状相对较小,值得临床推广。
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The Thoracic and Lum bar Posterior Short Segm en t Pedicle Screw Fixation and Reduction for The Treatm ent of Denis type B Thoracolum bar Fractu res
Niu Tong
(The FirstPeople's Hospital in Jining City,Jining 272000,Shandong)
Ob jectiveTo investigate themethod and effectof the thoracic and lumbar posterior shortsegmentpedicle screw fixation and reduction for the treatment of Denis type B thoracolumbar fractures.M ethodsThe patientsw ith vertebral pedicle screw fixation was performed in 36 casesof Denis type B thoracolumbar on 2009 June to 2012 September in our hospital from fracture.There were 24male,12 female;age 22~58 years,average 43 years old.15 cases of traffic accident,falling injury in 17 cases,4 casesof the clog.The injured segment:10 casesof T12 fracture,12 casesof L1 fracture,9 casesof L2 fracture,5 cases of L3 fracture.Frankelneural function grade:A grade 0 cases,B grade 0 cases,C grade 3 cases,D grade 13 cases,E grade 20 cases.Preoperative imaging exam ination showed vertebral fracture were tapered,the inferior endplate and vertebral body is intact.The time from injury to operation was 3~6D,the average 4D.Posterior short segment pedicle screw system reset,fixed.Resu ltsThe operation timewas 90~120m in,average 110min;the intraoperative blood losswas 200~400m L,average 310m L.All incisionswere primary healing,no serious complications occurred,no spinal cord,nerve function aggravated.36 caseswere followed up,the follow-up time ranged from 10 to 30months,average 18months.2 weeks after operation,X-ray film showed the vertebral height recovered to normal80%~95%fracture.Had differentdegreesof recovery of spinal cord function after surgery.ConclusionThoracolumbar posterior injury ShiishiiYum ine screw fixation for treatmentof Denis type B thoracolumbar fracture reduction effect is good,reduces the length of the incision,less bleeding,try our best to save the activity section patients。
thoracolumbar fracture,vertebral internal fixation,surgicaloperation
G683.2
:A
:1008-4118(2013)03-0012-02
10.3969/j.issn.1008-4118.2013.03.05
2013-08-19