国际体育会议交流艺术的研究

宋力英

(吉林体育学院体育人文社会学系，吉林长春 130022)

国际体育会议交流艺术的研究

宋力英

(吉林体育学院体育人文社会学系，吉林长春 130022)

为加强国际体育交流，增进体育友谊，使体育真正发挥无语言障碍、无国界的桥梁和纽带，促进世界和平发挥积极作用，从而保证国际学术会议论文演讲成功，从语篇分析的角度就演讲的开场白、概述、结束语、问答的不同表达方式进行列举并分析，这对于参加此类会议的相关人员来说具有较高的实用价值。

国际学术会议;语篇分析;开场白;概述;结束语;问答

随着学术全球化，自如地运用英语进行学术交流已成为现代人学术发展极为重要的能力。在国际学术会议演讲中，虽然有些学者具有一定的跨文化交际意识和从事学术交流的实用能力，在演讲的开场白、概述、结束语、问答等环节能够运用简便、简洁和实用的语言，从而能够恰当自如地展示自己的最新研究成果，收到良好的效果，并已在国际科学舞台上崭露头角。但还是有很多学者，包括从事国际体育的交流人员无法运用恰当、得体和简洁明了的语言和表达方法向国际同行们表达与沟通，引起人们的关注，从而把自己的独到见解和有价值的研究成果有效地传达出去，收到最佳效果。主要原因:一是他们没有认识到恰到好处的开场白、概述、结束语、问答在演讲中的重要地位，二是他们不十分了解其表达方式及其语言特征。因而，也就不知道如何根据具体语境来准备符合国际学术会议的英语演讲开场白、概述、结束语、问答语句。也就是说，我们不仅知道使用什么语言表达，如何用语言表达同样是重要的。因此，事先做好充分准备，才能使演讲的整个过程完整，使用规范、地道、简洁明快、恰到好处的语言表达方法，才能赢得观众的注意力，并可主动地掌控时间，保证演讲时思路畅通，临场自如，才能最终使自己的学术水平充分被国外同行所了解和认可，达到预期目的。对此，本文通过丰富的范例构建出学术交流开场白、概述、结束语、问答的场景及常见句型，旨在为体育交流人员提供一些简便、简洁和实用的国际学术演讲的表述方法，从而提高国际学术交流能力和技巧，以取得良好的演讲效果。

1 开场白(Prologue)

开场白是国际学术演讲的有机组成部分。俗话说:“万事开头难”。一个成功的开场白要是能先声夺人、引人入胜，能紧紧抓住听众的心，把听众的注意力吸引过来，从而使听众翘首以盼，就称得上是好的开场白。为什么开场白如此重要呢?听众对你开场白的反应如何至少有30%决定你演讲的成功。演讲者给听众留下的印象一般在大约90秒内就已确定，之后将很难改变他们的想法。因此，最初印象十分重要。一个糟糕的开场白可能会分散听众的注意力并疏远与听众的关系，使得演讲者无法再弥补损失。而好的开场白非但如此还对演讲者的自信产生至关重要的作用。大多数开场白要达到以下四个目标:一是获得听众的注意力和兴趣，二是创建与听众的积极关系，三是建立自信，四是陈述演讲的概述。由此可知，恰到好处的开场白是学术演讲成功的重要前提。那么，在国际学术会议演讲中如何进行开场白，如何自我介绍?

1.1 开场白的内容及模式

开场白的内容包括:对主席的介绍表示感谢、对听众的称呼、问候语(开头的社交辞令)、对会议背景/演讲内容的介绍、阐明演讲的主题与提纲(演讲的目的)。其模式一般有两种:一是不同方式的开场白。二是不同身份的人所做的开场白。下面列举几种常见的以上两种开场白模式，做简单分析并提出相应撰写建议。

第一种为开门见山(Beginning with straight-forwardness)。无需迂回，绕圈子，直截了当进入主题。用精炼的语言交代演讲意图或主题。这种开场白方式可称之为开宗明义式。它适合运用于较为正规、庄重的应用性演讲场合，并要求演讲者具有较好的概括能力。

(1)Mr．Chairman，ladies and gentlemen，the title of my presentation is…

(2)Mr．Chairman，fellow colleagues，first，I’d like to tell you briefly the background of my paper，and then present my three hypotheses．

(3)Good morning，everyone．What I would like to talk about mainly concerns…Now，I’m going to briefly list a number of its basic characteristics．They are…

(4)Mr Chairman，representatives，I am very glad to have the opportunity of reporting my research on such an occasion，I’ll now lay my stress on the following three aspects．The first…

第二种为先感谢后介绍(Beginning with appreciation)。在演讲者来到台前，大会主席通常要对演讲者做一简要介绍。对演讲者来说，演讲前要对主席及在会的同行表示感谢。

(1)Dear colleagues，first of all，I would like to thank our Chairman and our generous hosts，the International Pragmatics Association，for providing many professionals who have come from all over the world with such a pleasant atmosphere to meet，exchange views，and share thoughts and findings．What I would like to talk about is…(2)Mr Chairman，thank you for your warm introduction and also for you efforts in making the conference opening such a success．The over-praising introduction you have just now given me，l think，is meant for the study on…l have been carrying on in recent years．Now I would like to say something about the study，and I hope that I can hear opinions and additions from everyone of you…

第三种为先介绍背景开始(Beginning with a background introduction)。通常情况下，发言者就是论文作者。然而，若作者本人由于某种原因不能出席会议，这样就会有三种方法来处理此类事情:一是取消事先所安排的发言程序。二是将口头发言改为墙报交流形式。三是由他人代理发言。代理人在代表他人发言前，首先要征得大会主席的允许，如果必要的话需要向观众做背景介绍。

(1)Ladies and gentlemen，Professor Weihong of the Donghu University of Wuhan may be known to many present．He has been engaged in the study on…for many years，and a number of his papers have been published．But unfortunately he could not attend the conference because of health reasons．At the kind recommendation of our Chairman，and as once an assistant of Professor Jin，I feel very much honourd to be permitted to present the following paper on his behalf．Well，now in recent years，Professor Jin has been working on…(2)Mr．Chairman，first of all，I would like to make an explanation…The paper I am going to present to you now has been compiled mainly by Dr Liang Boxian from the Shanghai Computer Centre．It is pity that he fell ill just before our departure for this conference．Here，on behalf of Dr Liang，I’d like to express our warm congratulations on the successful opening of the conference．The study on…is the area with which Dr Liang has been occupied…

1.2 常见的开场白句型

表达问候

●Ladies and gentlemen．It’s an honor to have the opportunity to address such a distinguished audience．

●Mr．Chairman，Prisident，distinguished colleagues，ladies and gentlemen，good morning!I consider it a great honor to be asked to speak about…on this session of our symposium．

● Mr．Chairperson，Mr．Director-general，Distinguished Members of the IOC and Friends，Ladies and Gentlemen，good morning．

表达感谢

●Thank you very much，Prof．Fawcett，for your very kind/ gracious introduction．

●I appreciate the opportunity to give this presentation for this congress．

●I am indeed honored/I am highly honored to have been invited to address this distinguished group of experts，scholars，and others．

●I esteem it a great honor to be present at 2008 International Convention on Science，Education and Medicine in Sport”，(简称为“2008 ICSEMIS”)

介绍学校/系部

●I am a PhD student/researcher/technician at…

●I am doing a PhD/a Master/some research at…

●I am part of a team of 20 researchers and most of our funding comes from…

●The work that I am going to present to you today was carried out with the collaboration of the University of…

自我简介

●This is my first stay in any Asian country．This is a very exciting experience．

●I am an American by nationality and a doctor by profession．

●I am going to speak on behalf of Rodman’s research group．

●I’m from a country so far away that few Chinese know it．告诉听众你的研究程度

●What I am going to present is actually still only in its early stages，but I really think that our findings so far are worth telling you．

●We are already at a quite advanced stage of the research，but I was hoping to get some feedback from you on certain aspects relating to．

●Our research，which we have just finished，is actually part of a wider project involving．

介绍演讲的目的

●My speech investigates the conceps of…

●The purpose of my statement defines the subject of the experiment．

●My purpose statement typically consistes of three parts: goal of the speech，the statement of the topic，and the method or process to be used to develop the speech．

介绍演讲的主题

●I am very happy to have the opportunity to share informtion with you about…

●It’s a pleasure for me to be here this afternoon and to address you on the subject of…

●I am delighted and honored to address you this afternoon on the subject…

●I feel privileged to share with you a few thoughts on…

2 概述(Outline)

概述是在保持原文大意的基础上，把论文的重要观点进行精炼和浓缩。通过概述，可以确保演讲中的相关内容的陈述具有逻辑性，结构具有连贯性。其中，要处理好所要阐述观点的层次关系。它体现着学术演讲者思路展开的步骤，也反应了学术演讲者对客观事物的认识过程以及表述的科学性和逻辑性。怎样才能使学术演讲结构的层次清晰明了呢?根据听众以听觉把握层次的特点，显示学术演讲结构层次的基本方法就是:在结构上环环相扣、层层深入。此外，使用过渡句或用“首先”、“其次”、“然后”、“最后“等词语来表达层次关系，是使层次清晰的有效方法，也是学术演讲的最为常见用法。作为10分钟的演讲，不必使用PPT概述，同样建议演讲者不要使用不会给听众提供任何信息的概述语言，它只能引发听众的睡意，不会带给他们任何想象。

例如，First I will give you a brief introduction to my work．Then I will outline the reasons that led me to conducting this research．Next I will explain my methodology before discussing my results．

然而，你的确需要采用一种真正能给听众提供有用信息的口述方法使听众了解你所演讲的内容和框架。

(1)My speech mainly concerns the following topics:Firstly， the distinction between modernization and westernization．Secondly，the distinction between identity and instrumentality，which I shall use to give an account of what I take to underlie the process of modernization．Thirdly，to consider the way in which life in consumer cultures is becoming increasinggly abstract．Finally，I shall make some remarks on the different ways in which modernization affects traditional societies．

(2)I will highlight three broad issues that I hope will be useful to you for your discussion today．The first of these is how the Structural Funds fit into the UK’s reginal policy．The second issue I’d like to discuss is the role of the Structural Funds in helping to delivery the importants I’ve been talking about．For my third and final issure，because of the limited time，I am afraid that I have to leave them out to spare time．(何时使用PPT概述呢?一般情况下，如果演讲时间长达20分钟、45分钟，或演讲题目涉及到艺术、人文和社会科学，就有必要向听众展示PPT概述，从而帮助听众更好地了解和掌握你演讲的其余部分。)

2.1 常见的概述句型

传统式

●There are three things to consider．First，…．Second，…．Third，…Above all，…

●We can see four advantages and two disadvantages．First，advatages．

●I’ve divided/I am going to divide my talk into three parts．First of all，…．The second，…And the third，… /In the first part…

正式

In this presentation I am going to/I would like to/I will

discuss some findings of an international project

examine/analyze/bring to your attention

introduce the notion of/a new model of…

give an analysis of/explore the meaning of…．

3 结束语(Closing Remarks)

俗话说:“编筐编篓，重在收口。”结束语是学术演讲内容的自然收束，也是关键环节所在。结尾是你最后向听众展示你观点的机会。确切的讲，它是你最终留给听众的印象的一刹那。但无论是哪种演讲，其作用主要有两点:一是告诉听众你的演讲即将结束，二是强化听众对你演讲中心思想的理解。戴尔卡莱基说过:“最后的——也是最重要的，他缄言之前挂在嘴边的词儿可能使人记忆得最久。”如果是十分钟的演讲，结束语大概只用一分钟的时间。实际上，只能说三到四个句子。因此，言简意赅、余音绕梁的结束语极能够使听众精神振奋，并促使听众不断思考和回味。整个演讲犹如画龙点睛，能给人以强大的感染力。

3.1 结束语的方法

一般来讲，学术演讲的结尾没有定式，或对演讲全文要点进行简明扼要的小结，或以鼓励性、号召性的话收尾，或以引言、名言警句及幽默语句结尾，或以祝愿的语句告终。总之，原则就是要给听众留下深刻印象。

第一种为简要总结式(Brief summary)

(1)So，just a quick summary．Using our process，we can produce energy．Energy from organic waste:THE MOST DISGUSTING sludge in the world．This virtuous circle means that small farms could generate all the fuel and the heat that they need just by using waste!So we all become less dependent on oil and nuclear power．And the added benefit is that this helps factories and cities to resolve the problem of waste disposal，which is particularly complex for organic waste．Two problems resolved at the same time!

第二种为鼓励、号召式(Encouraging and calling for)

(1)Ladies and gentlemen，I believe Beijing will prove to be a land of wonders to all of you-to athletes，spectators，and the worldwide television audience alike．Come and join us．Thank you，Mr．President．Thank you all．Now，I would like to give the floor back to Mr．He．(2001年杨澜在申请2008年北京奥运会申办权的演讲词结束语)(鼓励)

(2)If you honor Beijing with the right to host the 2008 O-lympic Games，I can assure you that Beijing will make you proud of the decision you make here today．(2001年中国代表团团长何振梁在申请2008年北京奥运会申办权的演讲词结束语) (号召)

第三种为引用式(Quotation)

(1)Chinese sage Confucius says“Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar!”Indeed，it is our delight to welcome all guests with open arms in Beijing in the year 2008．I am sure you will see a great Games in Beijing．Thank you．(2001年国家副总理李岚清在申请2008年北京奥运会申办权的演讲词结束语)

第四种为祝愿式(Best wishes)

(1)I wish the congress will be successful and productive，and wish you to have a very pleasant and memorable experience in the beautiful and historical city of Beijing．

(2)Finally，I wish all of you a healthy and happy life．Welcome back to China again and welcome back to our beautiful city Guangzhou．

3.2 常用的结束语句型

警示听众演讲接近尾声

●Okay，we’re very close to the end now，but there are just a couple of important things that I still want to tell you．

总结

●Well，that brings me to the end of the presentation．So，just to recap．

●In closing，I would like to leave you with the following important points．

告诉听众他们可以在哪里获得更多的信息

●I am afraid that I don’t have time to go into this in any further detail．But you can find more information about it on this website(which is on the back page of your handout)．

●If you would like more information on this，then please feel free to email me．My address is in the congress notes．

致谢

●Thank you for your attention and cooperation．/Thank a lot for your coming．

●That’s all for my presentation．Thank you very much．

祝愿

●I wish every success for this conference．I wish all the participants enjoy their visit to…and enjoy their life in…

●I would like to conclude my speech by wishing the conference a complete success．

●I hope that you will have a scientifically and socially productive experience in Beijing．

4 问答(Q＆A)

国际学术会议的问答环节应当说是个较难的环节，尤其对英语为非母语的演讲者来说。提问可以说是思维的“发动机”或“催化剂”。它可以激发与会者的兴趣;促进与会者思维的发展;调控研讨会的气氛等。提问需掌握以下原则:科学性、启发性、针对性、可接受性、循序性、整体性、趣味性、精要性。实践证明，设计提问时抓住如下几个要点效果最佳:兴趣点、疑问点、发散点、矛盾点、模糊点。准备充分的问答的好处是:一是可以进一步澄清观点，二是能获得额外信息，三是同行间可共同分享见解，四是增加信息记忆度，五是表达对本演讲的兴趣，六是促进双方思想的交流。重要的是听众的问题可能会激励你对本次演讲还没有涉及到的内容去进一步的探讨，为你提供了今后深入研究的想法和思路。

4.1 提问的方式

回答的内容主要取决于问题的内容。在此主要列出常见的提问方式。一般来讲，提问通常有三种方式:一是要求肯定。二是要求获得更多相关细节。三是要求对相关问题、想法或规划给予评价与建议。下面就以2008年奥克大演讲的提问为例问实例:

(1)My name is Doukas from United States Sports Academy，USA．I wanted to thank all of you for your presentations．They are wonderful，but the question I have for you，Dr．Kari Fa，is related to these obstacles of affecting women’s physical and mental health．Whether can we think of drawing up a project of overcoming these obstacles from childhood?What’s your specific idea? (要求建议)

(2)I am Ruan with University of Franche Comte，France，I have a question for you，Miss．Song，in your presentation，you mentioned that the system framework of merging of science and humanities within universities and colleges of physical education．Now，could you give some more details to support your statement? (要求细节)

4.2 常见问答句型

4.2.1 提问人用语

自我介绍

●I am…of(USA Today)．

●My name is．I work with…

●I’m…from…

基本表达

●I’d like to ask you the following questions to have a better look into the subject．

●May I trouble you with a question?

●May I ask Mrs．Sloan about…/I was wondering if I could ask some question on…(more polite ways)

●I have a question for…/Mr…．You mentioned…．I didn’t really understant that，could you explain that a little bit more?

实际的提问内容

●What would you say about the research result of Dr．Lehman’s research group?

●You have so far told us about the positive aspects of his theory．Would you like to give us an example of a negative aspect if any?

●Why do you attach great importance to…?Could you explain in details/comment on that?

●Would you be so kind as to give me more information about the method of your experiment?

●What about the future of modern sports in your eyes?

●As a member of IOC，how do you value your trip to Beijing?What’s the most significance it made?

●May I ask a question，what do you mean by that statement?

●Dr．Wang，I’d like to raise one question．First，may I say how much I enjoyed your talk，but，may I ask，do you have experience with the new method?

●First，I’d like to say your research is very interesting．May I ask two questions?Do you see any relation between…．and…．And what advantage do you expect by using this approach?

澄清问题

●Do you see what I’m getting at?

●Have I made that clear?

●Perhaps I didn’t really make my question clear，in fact what I asked was…

●Well，perhaps you’ve got a point there(你说的有道理)，but…

●That’s not what I was really asking．What I was getting at was…

●Let me put to you another way．

4.2.2 发言人用语

请求提问

●Are there any questions/Does anyone have any questions on this?

●I would be very happy to hear your opinons on this．

提问前所涉及到的语言水平语句

●If you ask any questions I would be grateful if you could ask them slowly and clearly，as my English is a bit rusty and many attendees here today are not native speakers of English．

确认问题

●Sorry，I don’t quite follow what you were saying，could you repeat the question more slowly please?

●Sorry，could you speak up please?

●Sorry，I didn’t hear the first/last part of your question．/ What exactly do you mean?

●Sorry，I still don’t understand—would you mind asking me the question again in the break?

●Sorry，but to answer that question would take rather too long，however

●You can find the explanation on my web pages or in my paper．

●I’m not exactly clear what your question is/I don’t see what you mean．Could you have some more details，please?

应对难题或无关问题

●I’m not familiar with the details regarding that question．●I can’t give you an exact answer on that，I am afraid．

●You know，I’ve never been asked that question before and to be honest I really wouldn’t know how to answer it．

●Sorry，I would not like to comment on that．

●I am not sure there really is a right or wrong answer to that．What I personally believe is．

●I am afraid what you asked is beyond the point．It seems that is is not pertinent to our present topic．

●Sorry，I have little experience with this problem，since our emphasis is not laid on this point．

请求时间思考/推迟回答

●I think it would be best if my colleague answered that question for you．

●I need to think about that question．Do you think we could discuss it in the bar?

●You’ve raised a really important point，so important that I think I would rather have a bit of time to think about the best answer．So if you give me your email address at the end，I’ll get back to you．

●At the moment I don’t have all the facts I need to answer that question，but if you email me I can get back to you．

同意

●I would(totally)agree with you

●That’s exactly the way I feel．

不同意

●I have to disagree

●I’m sorry，I can’t agree with you in saying that．

●That’s not what I’m saying．

●Unforunately，I see it differently．

征询回答是否满意

●Thank you for your question．I hope you are satisfied with my question．

●This is my answer．Is it enough for your question?

●This is my opinion．What do you think of it?

●I think that might be the answer to your question．

●I hope I am making sense to you(理解)，but is is a tough question．

5 结语

从语篇分析的角度，本文探讨了国际学术会议英语演讲的开场白、概述、结束语、问答的模式及特点。从列举实例和分析中可以看出，学术会议演讲中的各环节用语虽都隶属学术语类的子系统，但也具有自己独特的语篇结构与语言特点的语篇模式。其语式特征是书面语和口语的交融。演讲者可根据内容、背景、场合和演讲语言表达特点的需要，尽可能使用规范语言表达，并使得演讲内容简洁明了、通俗易懂、灵活多样、活泼生动，更主要的是具有针对性和实用性。国际学术会议演讲除了与其它演讲具有的共同特征外，还由于其内容的科学性、专业性、独创性、交际目的的严肃性，外加演讲者的特殊身份等特点，它与一般的口语语篇相比还存在差别，其口语特点表现具有书面语的规范严谨、客观鲜明的风格。此外，演讲者还可构思其它富有创意的开头、结尾等不拘一格的语言表达方式。但无论何种形式，抓住听众注意力和兴趣，建立与听众的良好关系是前提。

［1］Stephen E．Lucas．The Art of Public Speaking［M］．Thenth Edition．Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2011．

［2］Adrian Wallwork．English for Presentations at International Conference［M］．Springer，2010．

［3］石井隆之．国际会议英语表达实例［M］．北京:外文出版社，2011．

［4］贾卫国．国际学术交流英语［M］．北京:外语教学与研究出版社，2008．

［5］吴 斐，周 频．国际学术交流英语［M］．武汉:武汉大学出版社，2008．

［6］王慧莉，刘文宇．国际学术交流英语［M］．大连:大连理工大学出版社(第二版)，2010．

［7］胡 谨，曾 蕾．国际学术交流英语演讲稿语篇模式分析［J］．外语教学，2007，28(3):20－23．

Research on Communication Art of International Sports Conference

SONG Liying
(Department of Sports Humanities and Sociology，Jilin Institute of Physical Education，Changchun 130022，Jilin，China)

In order to strengthen international sports communication to enhance sports friendship and to play an active role without the language barrier，without borders in promoting world peace，understanding and learning how to use prologue，outline，closing remarks and question＆answer(Q＆A)in English are essential to a successful academic speech at an international academic conference．This paper，therefore，based on the theory of Systemic-Functional Linguistics，lists and analizes different expressions about that，which is highly practical to some ralated people in spors．

international academic conference;discourse analysis;prologue;outline;closing remarks;question＆answer

G811.7

A

1004－0560(2012)01－0062－05

2012-01-10;

2012-02-06

宋力英(1962－)，女，副教授，硕士，主要研究方向为体育英语教学。

责任编辑:乔艳春

◂体育人文社会学