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中学英语定语从句的教学

2012-04-29龚轶琳

考试周刊 2012年10期
关键词:中作关联词限制性

龚轶琳

摘要: 在中学英语语法考试中,定语从句经常出现,它通常是一个复合句,弄清它的结构和用法,就不难掌握它。本文对定语从句进行了详细分析。

关键词: 中学英语教学定语从句关联词成分

在中学英语教学当中,定语从句是一个难点。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词(代词)之后,这种名词(代词)叫做先行词(antecedent)。定语从句需引导的词称为关联词。关联词分为关系代词和关系副词。关联词在定语从句担任的成分比较多,关系代词在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、定语、表语等;关系副词在定语从句只用作状语。下面详细说明关联词充当的成分。

一、关系代词:who、whom、whose、which、that

1.who用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词,并且在从句中作主语。

The student who answered the question was John.这是一个由who引导的定语从句,它可分为两个简单句:a. The student answered the question. b.The student was John.在两个简单句中,student重复出现,所以它是先行词。Who引导的定语从句修饰student且who在从句中用作主语。

2.whom用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词,并且在句中作动词或介词的宾语。

Mary is the girl whom you talked to just now.这是一个由whom引导的定语从句,它可分为两个简单句:a. Mary is the girl. b. You talked to the girl just now. girl在句子中重复出现,所以girl是先行词。Whom引导的定语从句修饰girl,且whom在从句中作宾语。

3.whose用于代替“表示人或物的意义”的先行词,且在从句中作定语,往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。

Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.这是一个由whose引导的定语从句,它可分为两个简单句:a. Id like a room. b. The rooms window looks out over the sea.room在句中重复出现,所以room是先行。Whose引导的定语从句修饰room且whose在从句中作定语。

4.which用于代替“表示事物的意义”的先行词,在从句中作主语、宾语。

I have got a novel which you may like to read.这是一个由which引导的定语从句,它可分为两个简单句:a. I have got a novel. b. You may like to a novel. novel在句中重复出现,所以它是先行词。Which引导的定语从句修饰novel且which在从句中作宾语。

5.that既用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词,又用于代替“表示物的意义”的先行词,在从句中既可作主语,又可作谓语动词的宾语,但是不能作介词的宾语。

The house that was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt soon.这是一个由that引导的定语从句,它可分为两个简单句:a. The house was damaged in the fire. b. The house will be rebuilt soon. house在两个简单句中重复出现,所以它是先行词。That引导的定语从句修饰house,且that在从句中作主语。

The man that you saw just now is our teacher.这是一个由that引导的定语从句,它可分为两个简单句:a. The man is our teacher. b. You saw the man just now.man在两个简单句中重复出现,所以它是先行词。That引导的定语从句修饰man且that在从句中作宾语。

注意:先行词指物时,关系代词that与which往往可以互换,但下列情况下多用that。(1)All that glitters is not gold.不定代词,包括复合词something等多后接that。(2)It was the largest map that I ever saw.前有形容词最高级等的先行词后多用that。(3)That is the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday.先行词前有指示代词same时应用that。(4)He is not that man that he was.that常用作表语。

二、关系副词:when,where,why

1.When表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,其先行词往往为表示时间的名词。

I will never forget the days when we fought against the flood.这是一个由when引导的定语从句,它可以分为两个简单句:(1)I will never forget the days. (2)We forget against the flood in the days.days在两句重复出现,所以它是先行词。When引导的定语从句修饰days,且when在从句中作时间状语。

2.where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,其先行词往往为表示地点的名词。

Is this the place where you held a ball last week?这是一个由where引导的定语从句,它可分为两个简单句:(1)Is this the place?(2)You held a ball week in the place. place在两句重复出现,所以它是先行词,where引导的定语从句修饰place,且where在从句中作地点状语。

3.why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词往往为表示原因的reason。

Is this the reason why you said goodbye to her?这是一个由why引导的定语从句,它可分为两个简单句:(1)Is this the reason?(2)You said goodbye to her because of the reason. reason在句子中重复出现,所以它是先行词。Why引导的定语从句修饰reason,且why在从句中作原因状语。

注意:如果先行词虽然表示时间、地点和原因,但是在定语从句作主语或宾语,则应用关系代词that或which引导定语从句,如:

(4)I do not regret the time that/which I spent with you.

(5)This is the bank that/which we built last year.

(6)This is the reason that/which your sister raised just now.

三、When,where,why与which的关系

关系副词when,where,why可与which转换,方法为when=at/on/in which;where=in/at/on which;why=for which.例如:

1.I can still remember the day when/on which I first saw her.在此句中,先行词为day,when(相当于on which)引导的从句修饰day,在从句中作时间状语。

2.This is the hall where/in which this wonderful concert will be held.在此句中,先行词为hall,where(相当于in which)引导的从句修饰hall,在从句中作地点状语。

3.He did not tell me the reason why/for which he refused her.在此句中,先行词reason,why引导的定语从句修饰reason,在从句中作原因状语。

四、定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,对它有限制作用。因此不可缺少,否则会影响全局的意义。限制性定语从句前一般不用逗号。

1. I shall never forget the day when we first met in the park.

2. Do you know the reason why I came late?

非限制性定语从句(non—restrictive)只与先行词有一种松散的修饰关系,在口语中用停顿的方法表示,在书面语中用逗号分开。因此从句中的关系代词不能省略,that一般不引导非限制性定语从句。

3. I like to chat with John,who is a clever fellow.

4. Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.

参考文献:

[1]薄冰英语语法.开明出版社.

[2]英语画刊.英语画刊社.

[3]大学英语实用英语语法教程.上海外语教育出版社.

[4]高中英语语法大全.广西师范大学出版社.

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