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游走于东西方文化间的木心

2012-04-29方佐衍

文化交流 2012年3期
关键词:陈丹青木心

木心是一位被人遗忘后又重新认识,被视为深解中国文化的传奇人物。

Mu Xin is a legend and phenomenon of Chinese culture.

在白蜡烛与百合花的拱围中,身着黑色呢大衣、格子围巾的木心先生与这个世界作了最后的告别。2011年12月24日上午,诗人、画家、文学家木心的追悼会在浙江桐乡举行。

乌镇东栅东端的孙家花园。木心出生于此,少年时光,习作学画,研读诗书,都在这里。之后,木心离开乌镇,前往上海、杭州,开始了飘泊的生涯,直至后来旅居海外。2006年,乌镇将木心从美国纽约请回故里,孙家花园的旧址上新建了一座二层小楼,周围香樟、榆树掩映,名曰“晚晴小筑”,成为老人晚年隐居之所。

离开殡仪馆,著名画家、文艺评论家陈丹青捧着老先生的骨灰回“晚晴小筑”。这是平时老人待得最多的地方,所以追思会就在这里举行。陈丹青摆放骨灰盒时,嘴里轻声念叨:“先生,回家了;先生,回家了。 ”

木心生于斯,终于斯,也葬于斯。“晚晴小筑”的花园里,木心墓的碑文简单得不能再简单,就是“木心”二字。

木心

方佐衍

那天,陈村坐着轮椅来了,陈子善、孙郁、孙甘露也来了,更多的是爱着木心的读者,他们早在木心病重时就从纽约、北京、广西、山东、湖北、甘肃等地坐飞机、火车赶来,在医院里陪侍着老人直至他告别人世间。

下午的追思会,还播放了美国两位独立制片人费朗西斯科•贝罗和蒂姆 •斯丹伯格做的纪录片《木心》的片花:盈盈西栅水面。木心坐在乌篷船里,甜甜地笑着。他一开口便是地道的乌镇土话,让所有悲伤的人们不禁莞尔。

名家笔下的木心印象

木心是一位被人遗忘后又重新认识的文学大师,一位具有特殊文字悟性,用现代汉语让人欣赏到经典精美的奇才。在海外,木心的名气要比在国内大得多,被视为深解中国传统文化的传奇人物。

著名学者、艺术家陈丹青一向躬称木心为“师尊”。在《我的师尊木心先生》一文中,他详细表述了1982年他成为木心的学生以来对木心品格、造诣的认知。他认为,木心先生不是一位“新作家”。他的写作生涯超过60年,早期作品全部散失,但上世纪80年代再度写作后,台湾为他出版了多达十余种文集。他的部分散文与小说被翻译成英语,成为美国大学文学史课程范本读物,并与福克纳、海明威的作品编在同一教材中。在哈佛与耶鲁这些名校教授主办的“文学无国界”网站,木心先生拥有许多忠实的读者。

但木心先生也不是所谓的“老作家”。陈丹青认为,将木心先生与任何一位曾经被淹没的“老作家”相比拟,都不可比,都不恰当。木心先生开始写作是在上世纪四五十年代,恢复密集性写作,是在八九十年代;横向比较,同时期国内的作家无论从哪一面审视,均与他不在一个时间的纬度。散文《九月初九》,写在1985年左右,可是在文字上可能会给予我们“老派”的、非常“中国”的错觉,而在五四时期并没有人采用这样的角度与写法。再看《明天不散步了》和《哥伦比亚的倒影》,则显得异常“洋派”而“现代”;至于《上海赋》用了一种异常丰沛而娴熟、但全然陌生的文体。在上世纪中叶,世界文学的全景观始终是木心先生写作的制高点。陈丹青在20年前就断言:“对于木心的全面评价,还在将来。 ”

ZHEJIANG CELEBRITIES浙籍名人

“文学鲁滨逊”成就卓著,这是木心自封的称号。

Accomplished writer Mu Xin calls himself Robinson of Literature.

第一位将木心的文章逐字逐句全文输入电脑,于新世纪发布在网站上的,是上海作家陈村。他读到《上海赋》,“如遭雷击”,乃为文宣告说:“不告诉读书人木心先生的消息,是我的冷血,是对美好中文的亵渎。 ”他指出:“企图中文写作的人,早点读到木心,会对自己有个度量。 ”因为“木心是中文写作的标高。”

陈村为《哥伦比亚的倒影》所写的序中写道:木心是个“异数”,双重性质的“异数”。他的文字,是那么样的一种富有人类感情与文化表情的中国汉字,优雅、从容、洗练、蕴藉,极为讲究。

“我这辈子读过无数中文,结识许多作家,至于业余爱好写作的文友更多得无边无际,毫不夸张地说,木心先生的文章在我见到的依然活着的中文作家中最是优美、深刻、广博。”

评论家梁文道盛赞木心:“他像是从一个从来没有断裂的传统中出来的,他能够用文字把你整个儿抓进去。 ”中国人民大学文学院院长孙郁感慨道:“读几册木心作品集,像一番奇遇,自叹天底下还有这样的文字在,似乎是民国遗风的流动,带着大的悲欣直入人心。 ”美国加州大学文学史教授童明分析:“木心风格不是‘一脉相承,而是‘多脉相承。他的精神气脉既系于春秋、魏晋、汉唐的华夏文化,又源于古希腊的悲剧精神,而思维特征和艺术格调却又是西方现代派的,且与近三十年来最深思熟虑的西方人文思想息息相关。 ”

陈子善则在木心作品内地出版时点评道:“虽然姗姗来迟,毕竟还是来了,现在是到了木心先生的散文‘墙外开花墙内红的时候了。”

“文学鲁滨逊”成就卓著

上世纪80年代,内地作家开始“发现”这位“文学鲁滨逊”。“文学鲁滨逊”是木心自封的称号。

木心的散文,字字句句,无不给人意外的喜悦。他的散文集《琼美卡随想录》《同情中断录》《散文一集》《即兴判断》《素履之往》《马拉格计画》《鱼丽之宴》等,写得真正的随意,随心所欲却形散而神不散。把那些文章慢慢读完,如同见了高人,被他的识见与言语所吸引,作声不得,惟有默然,惟有欢喜。木心饱读诗书,学养深湛,且视界极是宽广,从《诗经》开始的中国文学传统,从文艺复兴开始的欧洲文化传统,他无不涉猎,又每有心得,喷玑吐珠,文学、艺术、宗教、哲学,顺手解之。他谈旧上海的人与事,比起张爱玲来更有男人的胸襟和气质,站到更高更阔处,把十里洋场看得更为真切也更为深刻,又把旧时上海人的人性揭露得更为无情也更为冷峻,既人情练达,又富有赤子情怀。

他的散文让承载国学底蕴的中国汉字的表现力在纸上熠熠生辉。

说到木心的小说,给人的感觉是流畅而诡异,充满浓郁的诱惑,字里行间趣味横生,于简短处见妙曼,在平静中藏激荡,情节百折千回,让人久久难忘。写过小说《同车人啜泣》这样底层小市民的故事,他的笔锋又转向古典题材,写成小说《七日之粮》。《温莎墓园日记》盈溢着散文的韵味。

两年前,“语言的珍珠”木心诗歌朗诵会成功举行。著名艺术家陈丹青作为嘉宾出席,并首次公开朗读了木心先生赠予他的一首诗。此外,国家话剧院一级演员梁国庆、蓬蒿剧场戏剧制作人梁丹丹等朗读了木心先生的二十余首诗歌作品。在场的观众深受触动,踊跃上台朗诵,用不同的情感诠释木心的诗歌,气氛感人至深。

翻开木心诗集,万千意象扑面而来,我们发现其中有很多属于异域的题材和意象,甚至比中国意象还要多。木心的文学,显然具备了“世界性”。这种“世界性”,更多地体现在

木心先生灵堂

In this mourning hall, a memorial service is held for Mu Xin.

他的诗歌上。从遥远的爱琴海、古罗马,到拜占庭、中世纪,到维多利亚与沙皇时代,到世界大战,他每每于西方、中东、拉美文学、历史中撷取诗材,纵横四海,上下古今。我们读木心,首先应看到他这种目下已很罕见的大背景、大气象。如《俄国九月》《库兹明斯科一夜》《莱茵河》《莫斯科之北》《海》等,其“世界性”的大气象极其壮阔,但“神情”仍是东方的,显示木心仍是道地的中国诗人。

从形式来看,木心的新诗是自由体,独抒性灵,不拘一格,仿佛在优美的意象和动人的比喻中坦陈对“你”的迷醉和恩爱,读之爽口爽心。《肉体是一部圣经》中有这样几句:“你如花的青春/你似水的柔情/我俩合而为神/生活是一种飞行/四季是爱的衬景/肉体是一部圣经。”其幽雅恬淡之意趣呈现,在诗歌中表现得最为明显,其中不乏纯然无我、自然天趣的妙笔。

操作木心先生文集出版的编辑曹凌志说:“他其实最希望大家叫他诗人,因为在他心中,只有诗人是最难达到的人生境界。”

在西方国家,木心的画名是远大于文名的。木心的画,多的是水墨精品。有个懂画的西方人,一口气收藏了他30幅画作。美英的博物馆,也争相收藏他的水墨佳作。他是20世纪第一位有作品被大英博物馆收藏的中国画家。

木心早年习画于上海美专、杭州艺专。木心水墨画有传统的墨意,更有现代的建构,在具象与抽象之间淋漓洇染,是一种不常见的水墨语言。揣摩其画风,仿佛于黄宾虹同赵无极之间见到的一种既传统又现代的气象。

“你们看画,我看你们的眼睛。 ”木心曾对前来观看画集的访问者说。除了年轻时受到乃师林风眠的影响,木心其实并未向什么人什么流派学步。他的绘画也确实反映了他不受任何羁绊,只遵从自然和天趣的特性。

画山水,其实是画胸中块垒。那一时期他的作品,大多墨色浑厚,氛围凝重。他画“梦迴西湖”,不见明媚,淡淡的如远去的幻影;画“浦东月色”,旷野湖影,让人感觉到弥漫开来的沉重。那都是彼时心境的投射,与其说是描摹现实景物,不如说他是在创造一个又一个精神风景。

前几年在木心纽约画展开幕式上,他说了这样的话:“有评论家说我的画充满了苦难,但也有的说看第一幅,有些悲苦,往后看,就有快乐从心底涌出来。你们今天感觉不到,明天会感觉到的。 ”话毕,很多观众拥上来告诉他:“我们已经看到了快乐!”

跨入新世纪,木心复投入绘画事业,筹备三年,举办了“木心的艺术”大型画展,全美巡回展览。画展于耶鲁博物馆隆重开幕,辗转芝加哥、夏威夷及纽约,佳评迭出,激赏不穷,其迥然出尘、拒斥流俗的创作风格引起观者强烈反响。

目前,乌镇正在筹建木心美术馆。木心美术馆的设计师林兵,是国际建筑大师贝聿铭的弟子。陈丹青曾把设计初稿带给病重中的木心看。他专注地看了很久很久,说:“好漂亮的美术馆,我可以安心地去了。 ”这个好漂亮的美术馆,充分汲取了木心山水画的灵感,利用乌镇河道纵横的地理条件,设计成两侧临水,观众可以笃悠悠地坐船而入。美术馆毗邻乌镇大剧院。8000平方米的建筑面积,用来收藏、展示及研究木心的美术作品和文学作品。2012年5月动工,预计两年后落成。这将是一个国际化的美术馆。

广西师范大学出版社出版的木心先生8册文集,封面全是木心先生自己挑选的。据广西师范大学出版社副总编辑刘瑞琳介绍,《哥伦比亚的倒影》目前已经加印到4万册,而新鲜出炉的《温莎墓园日记》起印即被预定一空。木心的散论《即兴判断》、诗集《西班牙三棵树》《我纷纷情欲》、对话集《鱼丽之宴》、杂论《素履之往》等正在陆续出版之中。正如陈丹青所说:“先生的文学、艺术后事还有很多要做。 ”□

Mu Xin:

Writer between

West and East

By Fang Zuoyan

木心是20世纪第一位有作品被大英博物馆收藏的中国画家。

Mu Xins painting is now in the collection of British Museum, presumably the first Chinese honored this way.

Mu Xin passed away on December 21, 2011 in his hometown. His funeral was held on the morning of December 24 and a memo-rial service was held at the house of his family in Wuzhen, a scenic river town in Tongxiang, a city in northern Zhejiang Province.

As a writer, Mu Xin has been widely read on the mainland since

2006 when his books were first published on the mainland. Cultural

Dialogue featured a story about him in the issue of February 2006.

Born in 1927 to a privileged family in Wuzhen, Mu Xin (his real name is Sun Pu) grew up with an education of Chinese classics and art. He lived and worked in Hangzhou and Shanghai before he went to New York in 1982 and came back to Wuzhen in 2006. A two-storied house was built for him on the site of the former house of the Suns. The writer is now buried in the garden.

The memorial service was held at Mu Xins home. It was a touching event. Readers came from all over the country to attend the memorial. A trailer of a documentary by two American inde-pendent filmmakers was screened at the ceremony. The two were present to document the memorial for the unfinished documentary. Mu Xins poems were read at the memorial by two professional performers.

Chen Danqing, a well-known artist and essayist who studied un-der Mu Xin while in New York, presided at the memorial. Except for a few writers present on the occasion, the mainstream literary circles were conspicuously absent, as they had been and probably will be for a long while.

Chen Danqing considers Mu Qin as his teacher (In traditional Chinese culture, a teacher is respected as reverently as ones father). In his opinion, Mu Xin is by no means a new writer. The 84-year-old mans writing career lasted more than 60 years. His early writ-ings were lost due to the tumultuous times. He resumed writing in the 1980s and more than ten of his books were first published in Taiwan. Some of his essays and short stories have been translated into English. A story of his is now in an American anthology of lit-erary works by masters such as Hemingway and Faulkner. Nor is he an old writer. The concept does not apply to the outlier, who does not fit the existing jigsaw that is known as modern Chinese litera-

ture on the main-land. His literary

viewpoints were

both essentially Chinese and cosmopolitan.

Though his name is now widely known to readers, his essays became known to writers on the mainland in the 1980s when his books began to appear in bookstores in Taiwan. The writer is widely recognized for grace, knowledge, sensitivity, and insight that grace his essays and poems. Many regard him as a man who promotes the pure beauty of the Chinese language. His writings are considered by many an antidote to the gravely corrupted practices of the language over the past decades.

Though Mu Xin is widely known on the mainland for his essays and the man himself valued his poetry most and would be happy to be known as a poet, he is widely known in the west for his paint-ings, most of which are ink paintings. For three years, his paintings were exhibited in Chicago, Hawaii and New York, receiving very good reviews and great responses from visitors. His paintings are in the collection of British Museum, presumably the first Chinese honored this way in the 20th century.

A plan is now being prepared for building Mu Xin Art Museum in Wuzhen. Lin Bing, a disciple of the celebrated master architect

I. M. Pei, is the designer of the architecture. Chen Danqing brought the design to Mu Xin in his last days in hospital. Mu Xin viewed the design and commented, “What a beautiful art museum! I can die in peace now.” The site takes advantage of the river towns geography. Visitors may take a boat ride to reach the museum. The 8,000-m2 museum is to sit beside Wuzhen Theater. It will hold a collection of Mu Xins art and literary works. Construction is to start in May 2012 and complete in 2014.

Guangxi Normal University Press has published 8 collections of Mu Xins writings since 2006. All the cover designs were hand-picked by Mu Xin. New editions will be published. New collections are being prepared. Just as Chen Danqing says, the masters posthu-mous career is just beginning. It is hoped that the masters creative writings will be home just as he is home. □

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