陆费逵

黄莺

百年沧桑百年潮。2011年底，在浙江桐乡，举行了纪念中华书局100周年暨陆费逵诞辰125周年“百年历史图片展和百年中华精品图书展”，陆费逵这位教育家、出版家的一生在展览中一幕幕展现在我们眼前。

幼时靠母在家教育，被称为自学成才典范

陆费逵祖籍浙江桐乡，他1886年出生于陕西汉中。母为李鸿章侄女，颇识诗书。按辈分，陆费逵的母亲应该是张爱玲的奶奶的堂姐妹，张爱玲得喊陆费逵一声表舅。

虽然出生于书香门第，但家道中落，母亲很具有先进思想，觉得孩子不必入学堂读写很多八股文，很多时候在家自己教育陆费逵。陆费逵曾记述过自己的求学经历：“我幼时母教五年，父教一年，师教一年半，我一生只付过十二元的学费。到十三岁，读过《四书》、《诗经》、《书经》、《易经》、《左传》、《唐诗三百首》六部书，没有造过句，没有作过文。因为先母主张多读多看，反对挖空心思作八股，并反对作疏空的论说；却学过珠算，看过《纲鉴》，我十三岁正是戊戍年，我那时勉强能看日报和时务报，有点新思想了，和先父的思想不免冲突；先母却赞成我的主张，于是便不照老式子读书，自己研究古文、地理，后来居然自习算学，并读格致书了。那时随侍在南昌，有一个阅书报社开办，我隔日去一次，午前九时去，午后五时出来。带一点大饼馒头作午餐。初时尚有阅者二三十人，后来常常只剩我一人，管理员也熟了。他便将钥匙交给我，五大间藏书，好像是我的了……照这样做了三年，学问渐渐进步，文理渐渐通顺，常识渐渐丰富。十七岁——实在未满十六岁——便教书。从十七岁到二十六岁，每日早六时至八时，一定自修，晚间也差不多总是自修或编著。”

正是这种勤勉，让陆费逵终成大家。上世纪30年代，上海曾将陆费逵与爱迪生和高尔基并列，评为自学成才典范。

创立中华书局，迅速占领教科书市场

1903年，陆费逵来到武昌，次年设新学界书店并任经理，出售《革命军》《警世钟》《猛回头》等革命书籍；他还加入革命党人的日知会组织，参与革

陆费逵 A photo of Lufei Kui

命活动。他选择销售的革命书籍特别畅销，为他的创业攒下第一桶金。

1905年，陆费逵到上海，先后受聘为昌明公司上海支店(书店)经理兼编辑、上海文明书局职员兼文明小学校长、上海文明书局襄理。其间，他常与商务印书馆的代表高梦旦一起出席上海书业公会的活动。当时陆费逵年仅2l岁，但他面对高梦旦等出版界前辈，展露不凡才干。高梦旦虽说见多识广，但像陆费逵这样的青年才俊并不多见。他向张元济推荐陆氏，张对陆的才干也是大为赏识。

1908年，在高梦旦重金聘请下，陆费逵转入商务印书馆任国文部编辑。第二年，他晋升为出版部部长兼《教育杂志》主编。高梦旦想使陆费逵对商务印书馆更加忠诚，不仅在待遇上对他备极优厚，更将自已的侄女许配给他为妻。

当过教师，又主编过有关期刊，陆费逵对教育理论颇有研究。他曾在《教

陆费逵等中华书局同仁在当年上海大电机前合影。

Lufei Kui and his colleagues of Zhonghua Book Company pose for a picture in front of a dynamo in Shanghai.

育杂志》上连续撰文，宣传教育救国论，认为“教育得道，则其国强盛”，主张缩短教学年限，减少课时和注意实利教育，对旧教育制度提出过一些中肯的改革意见；并主张大力推广新式教科书。同时，他还建议整理汉字，主张简化汉字。1910年中国教育会在北京成立，他曾为该会起草章程。这时他不再侈谈“革命”，但对孙中山领导的民主革命仍极为倾心。

19l1年秋天武昌起义发生时，还未满26岁的陆费逵深信革命必成，适逢商务印书馆资金周转不灵，营业一时萎缩，陆费逵认为这是他实现个人抱负的天赐良机，便乘机与同人沈知方、戴克敦、陈恭协等发行所职员秘密计划，筹集资金2．5万元，计划另创书局。与此同时，他约聘商务印书馆编译所的解聘和留所编辑人员，暗中编写新教科书。一切准备就绪后，他即脱离商务印书馆，另行开辟了一方新的天地——中华书局。1912年元旦，中华书局在上海成立，这是我国出版史上的一件大事。从某种意义上来说，它的产生，是辛亥革命的直接产物。

陆费逵脱离“商务”而自立门户，用当时价值标准来看，他的这个举动很对不起“商务”诸君如张元济和高梦旦，而且，他离开商务时，带走了一大批编辑、出版人才，对当时的“商务”不啻是雪上加霜。不过，也有种说法是他要推新教科书的建议未得到张元济的肯定与支持，陆费逵不得已只能出走。众多出版业界人士在中华书局百年华诞峰会上指出，著名教育家、编辑出版家陆费逵借教科书出版的更新，呼应社会的变革，塑造国民新知，为中国优秀传统文化的积淀作出了不可磨灭的贡献。

中华书局一成立，就立即对商务印书馆发起挑战，并将经营主项直接对准对方势力范围——教科书营业。陆费逵的准备工作极其出色：早在商务印书馆时期，他就积累了一套编辑、印刷、发行的经验，并对商务印书馆内部工作流程甚为了解。1912年春节开学前，他们编的《中华新教科书》已经印成，初小国文第一册以临时政府制定的五色国旗作书本封面，使商务印书馆教科书上的黄龙旗黯然失色。其内容更是丰富，先后陆续出版小学课本44种，中学和师范课本27种，其中包括大量的新制教科书，还有很著名的《大学用书》。

商务印书馆原有的教科书本是适应满清帝制时代的，这时要一下子改变内容，实在是难以转舵；而中华书局却轻装上阵，它的中、小学教科书一问世，立刻以强劲的势头，几乎独占了当时国内教科书市场。从此，中华书局与称雄多年的商务印书馆在书业竞争中成为劲敌，这种“双雄会”的局面持续多年。这时，陆费逵年仅26岁，可谓年轻气盛，不可一世。

吸引梁启超等一大批学界名流，而自己的生活却保持勤俭朴素

陆费逵靠教科书站稳脚跟后，又开始策划选题推其他文史哲图书。这时，他选人的眼光和用人的度量开始显现。

他首先引进的人才是范源濂。此人

梁启超撰述的《大中华》第一期第一卷

Zhonghua Book Company is the publisher of Great China, a magazine edited by Liang Qichao.

曾历任民国多届教育总长和后来的北京陆费逵的用度很节俭，很少娱师范大学校长，是清末民初教育界影响乐，不看戏、不到跳舞场。家中没有厨很大的人物。他与蔡元培关系极好，在子，有时女佣人买菜，有时主妇买菜。上海曾与蔡合组中华职业教育社，陆费陆费逵平时不在外面吃点心，着衣也逵也曾参与其事。蔡元培进京入主北大很随便。子女布衣布鞋，妹妹常穿哥也是范的主张。1913年1月，范源濂因对哥嫌小的衣服。……惟其如此，陆费逵袁世凯和赵内阁的所作所为有所不满，方能不为生活所屈，自行其是。陆费逵从教育总长任上挂冠而去，前往上海，的最大支出项目，除社交应酬、购买图不久即被求贤若渴的陆费逵聘为编辑所书以外，早年是供两弟读书，并补助亲首任所长。在文教领域，范氏威望素著，友子弟读书；以及赡养父母。后来又承交游极广，这对当时高级人才紧缺的中担仲弟遗孤的教养费。华书局来说，可说是如虎添翼。任职期陆费逵在中华书局任职30年间，间，他在陆费逵的通力支持下，聘请老在收入上一直不肯使自己和编辑部其他朋友梁启超、王宠惠至中华编辑所，编人差距太大。创建中华书局初，陆费逵辑中学、师范新教科书。编辑队伍强大任局长，月薪定为200银圆。1917年中华齐整，实力雄厚。一大批怀有同样理想书局发生经济危机，陆费逵辞去局长职的学界名流、时代精英，纷纷汇聚在这务，退居司理，停发月薪，改为月支“公里。梁启超、于右任、范源濂、马君武、费”100银圆。1919年由司理改任总经田汉、张闻天、潘汉年、徐志摩……如此理，仍支“公费”每月100银圆。其后公司强大的编者和作者阵容使中华书局取得情况逐步好转，自1922年起停支公费，了巨大的成就，编译卢梭的《社会契约改支月薪200银圆，比编辑、印刷、发行论》等西方名作，出版《康熙字典》《辞三所所长还低（当时编辑所长舒新城月海》《古今图书集成》等国学巨著，编辑薪280圆、其他所长月薪240圆）。1932年发行《大中华》《学衡》等畅销杂志。30总经理加薪为300银圆。1936年，中华书多年间，中华书局成为当时最具代表性局的所长、理事一律加薪，所长加60圆、的出版企业。理事加40圆、副所长加30圆，这样，所长

虽然中华书局的运作很成功，但陆加后月薪至少300圆，编辑所长高至340费逵跟今天很多企业家不同，生活一直圆。因此，时任中华书局编辑所所长舒勤俭朴素。他什么事都能做，煮饭、烧新城向董事会提议，将总经理月薪升为菜、缝补衣服、梳理发辫，都是自己干。500银圆。但是陆费逵只同意加到月薪他在1934年曾说：“一般人看见中华书400银圆，其清风亮节，令人感叹。局总经理吃大菜，不知民十（1921年）以前，我在书局吃饭，有时无暇，便吃几一生推行教育改革，38年的片冷面包；或买二十文的粥，十文的萝卜书业历程充满文化使命感干，也就是一顿。 ”陆费逵被时人所知晓，最先还不是他出版家的身份，而是他一系列见解独到、说理透彻而又平实可行的教育改革主张。他1905年发表的《论设字母学堂》《论日本废弃汉字》，是我国改良文字、统一语音运动的先声。他1909年发表的《普通教育当采俗体字》，被后人称为汉字简化运动的开场锣鼓。举凡学校制度、教育行政、学校行政、课程制度及女子教育等，他都有深入的剖析和不俗的见解。如今时隔百年，再去温读他当年的文章，那些曾让他如鲠在喉、必须一吐为快的教育问题，早已不复存在——男女早就同学了，汉字早就简化了，拼音字母也早就烂熟在一二年级小学生的心里了。我们不难在其上下求索的背后，切实地感受到陆费逵的家国情怀，以及那种更为可贵的据实说理、实事求是的平实风范。他的许多卓见，在今天都已经变成现实。陆费逵与满怀文化理想的同道一起努力奋斗，使中华书局在中国近代文化的发展变革中留下了深刻的印记。这更让我们在百年之后，对这位出版家兼教育家充满敬意。

新中国成立后，中华书局总部从上海迁到北京，相继出版了《资治通鉴》《全唐文》《全唐诗》《永乐大典》及“新编诸子集成”等典籍，并组织全国上百位专家学者，历经20年时间，整理出版了“二十四史”及《清史稿》点校本，被公认为新中国最伟大的古籍整理

中华书局有限公司总店 The flagship bookstore of Zhonghua Book Company in Shanghai

出版工程，成就了中华书局新的辉煌。有望把中华书局请回上海。据悉，上海正在与北京有关方面商谈，1941年陆费逵赴重庆后不幸去世，享年仅55岁。“我们希望国家社会进步，不能不希望教育进步；希望教育进步，不能不希望书业进步。我们书业虽然是较小的行业，但与国家社会的关系，却比任何行业为大。 ”他的遗言，今天听来依然振聋发聩。正是基于这种对书业与国家文化前途关系的深刻认识，使他从事书业达38年之久，并充盈着个性化魅力和文化使命感。□

Publisher Helped Usher in

Modernization

By Huang Ying

In the history of modern publishing of China, the Commercial Press and the Zhon-ghua Book Company are two giants. The two time-honored publishers introduced modern ideas to China through turning out a great variety of influential books. The year 2012 marks the centennial of Zhonghua Book Company. Though it is well known in China over the past 100 years, few peo-ple know that it was founded by Lufei Kui (1886-1941, Lufei was his surname), a native of Tongxiang, a city in northern Zhe-jiang Province. Even today, his ideas about books and education still sound relevant. His 38-year career in publishing was a mis-sion of culture and a legend of charisma.

Born in 1886, Lufei Kui got his educa-tion at home. His mother was a niece of Li Hongzhang, a high-ranking minister of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). A well-educat-ed woman, she had creative ideas about her sons education. Years later, Lufei recalled that his mother had taught him five years at home and his father one year before a teacher was engaged for 18 months. Alto-gether only 12 dollars had been spent on the sons education. By 13 years of age, the young pupil had studied six Chinese clas-sics but he did not write any essays. On his own, he studied ancient Chinese linguistics, geography, arithmetic and sciences.

At 13, he began to read at a modern library in Nanchang. He went there every other day. He began to read at the reading room at 9 oclock in the morning and left when the reading room was closed at 5 oclock in the afternoon. He brought lunch to the reading room. At first there were about 30 people reading regularly there. They gradually dropped out. The librarian

entrusted the key and five rooms of books

to the diligent scholar. He spent three years reading there. At 16 year of age, he began to teach. For the next ten years, he adhered to a plan of spending two hours studying every morning.

The self-made educator had some new ideas about education and Chinese revolu-tion. In 1903, the 17-year-old young man came to Wuhan. In 1904 he started a book-store and sold revolutionary books, the bestsellers of the time. He made his first bucket of gold out of selling these books. He joined a revolutionary organization.

In 1905, he came to Shanghai. He worked for book companies. At 21 years of age, he met Gao Mengdan, a business rep-resentative of the Commercial Press. Gao appreciated the young man very much and recommended Lufei to Zhang Yuanji, the president of the Commercial Press. In 1908, Lufei came to work for the Commercial Press.

During this period, he worked as editor-in-chief of Education, a magazine, and pub-lished a few essays calling for reforming and modernizing education. He proposed to simplify the Chinese characters and publish modern textbooks.

Year 1911 was a landmark in modern Chinese history, witnessing the 1911 Revo-lution overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and ushering modernization into the ancient country. After some secret preparations, Lufei and his fellows left the Commercial Press and founded Zhonghua Book Com-pany on January 1, 1912. Before the spring semester began in 1912, Zhonghua Book Company launched a series of textbooks for youngsters. With the new national flag on the covers, the textbooks became sensa-tional bestsellers.

The Commercial Press was caught off guard. Since its textbooks had been de-

ZHEJIANG CELEBRITIES浙籍名人

陆费逵中年时留影

A photo of middle-aged Lufei Ku

signed for the schools of the Qing Dynasty, it lost its textbook competition against Zhonghua Book Company. For a few years, Zhonghua Book Company dominated in the national textbook market.

If Lufei Kuis first national success was

his textbooks, the next move he took was to publish more textbooks and books on humanities and reprint classical works. The most strategic move he adopted for the companys future prosperity was to hire Fan Yuanlian (1875-1927) to organize a team of first-class scholar-editors. Fan, an established scholar, served as education minister for a few national administrations in the 1910s. In 1913, he was hired to work as editor-in-chief for the Zhonghua Book Company. Under his leadership, Zhonghua copied its first textbook success by pub-lishing 44 titles of textbooks for primary schools and 27 titles of textbooks for mid-dle schools and teachers colleges.

The translators and scholars at Zhonghua contrib-uted to the pub-lishing of western and Chinese clas-sics, establishing the company as a colossal publisher in China.

Though Zhonghua Book Company was a huge success, Lufei Kui led a simple life. The salary he received from his own company was only slightly higher than his departmental directors. He used his salary for buying books and socializing with peers in the publishing industry, for seeing his two younger brothers going through college and helping relatives children receive edu-cation. He also supported his own parents and then raised the children of his younger brother after he died.

Lufei Kui died in Chongqing, the war-time capital of China, in 1941 at the age of

55. □