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一些易混从句及其连接词用法比较

2011-07-25史继全

中学生英语 2011年4期
关键词:成份连词先行

史继全

(河北省临西县第二中学)

1.易混从句连接词

images/BZ_123_238_1377_474_1504.png 名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句that 连词:(无词义) 关系代词:不翻译 ×which 连接代词:“哪个” 限定性定语从句中不翻译;非 ×限定性定语从句中“这一点”what 连接代词:① “什么”; × ×② “……的东西/地方/时间/人……”(相当于the thing/place/time/person...that)when 连接副词:“什么时候”; 关系副词:限定性定语从句中 连接副词:“当where “在/到哪里” 不翻译;非限定性定语从句中 ……的时候“;“在那时”;“在那里” “……的地方”whatever 连接代词:“任何的东 × 连接代词:“无whoever 西”;“任何……的人” 论什么(都)”;(相当于 anything/ “无论谁(都)”anybody that) (=no matter what/who)no matter × × 连词:“无论什what/who 么(都)”;“无论谁(都)”

2.用法比较

2.1 名词性从句中that与what

在名词性从句中,that是连词,只连接从句,本身没有词义,也不做从句成份。what是连接代词,有两个含义:①仍保留疑问代词 “什么”的意思;②灵活翻译成“…的东西/事情/地方/时间/人……”(相当于“先行词+关系代词”the thing/place/time/person...that)。 例如:

That light travels in a straight line is known to all.众所周知,光线沿直线传播。(主语从句)

The problem is that 300 people are dying each day from illnesses caused by smoking.问题是每天有三百人死于由吸烟引起的疾病。(表语从句)

I hear(that)he has joined the army.我听说他参军了。(宾语从句)

What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。(主语从句)(“什么”)

She is no longer what she used to be.她已不再是从前的她了。(表语从句)(“……的人”,相当于the person that)

注意:that连接主语从句时常使用形式主语it,而what连接主语从句时意思为“什么”时才可以使用形式主语it。

It is known to all that light travels in a straight line.

It is not yet known what she did.

2.2 定语从句中that/which与when/where

在定语从句中,that/which做主、宾语,when/where和介词+which做时间和地点状语。试用“带入法”:关系代、副词代替先行词,可试将先行词带入定语从句中观察—先行词可做从句主、宾语时,引导词用关系代词that/which,先行词可做从句时、地状语时,引导词用关系副词when/where或介词+which。例如:

He usually has very quick meals in restaurants that/which are always crowed with people waiting to be served.他通常在挤满很多等待吃饭人的餐馆里吃快餐。(先行词restaurants可做are always crowed with people的主语)

This is the school(that/which)they built last year.这就是他们去年建的学校。(先行词school可做built的宾语)

The school where (in which)he once studied is very famous.他以前学习的那个学校很出名。(先行词school可做studied的地点状语)

We often think of the days(that/which)we spent together on the island.我们经常想起一起在岛上度过的日子。(先行词days可做spent的宾语)

I often think of the days when (in which)we lived together on the island.我常想起我们一起在岛上生活的日子。(先行词days可做we lived together的时间状语)

2.3 状语从句中的where与定语从句中的where

在状语从句中where是连接副词,表示“……的地方”,在定语从句中where是关系副词也表示地方,二者有纠结之处。判断方法:修饰前面名词(先行词)的是定语从句,修饰前面动词的是状语从句。例如:

我在原来放它们的地方找到了我的书。I found my books where I had left them.(从句前面没有名词做先行词,修饰动词found)(状语从句)

I found my books in the place where I had left them.(从句前面有名词place做先行词)(定语从句)

竹子长在阳光和雨水充分的地方。

Bamboo grows where there is plenty of water and sunlight.(从句前面没有名词做先行词,修饰动词grows)(状语从句)

Bamboo grows in the places where there is plenty of water and sunlight.

我们应该到最需要我们的地方去。(从句前有名词places做先行词)(定语从句)

2.4 表地点时,状语从句中的where与名词性从句中的what

where在状语从句中表示“……的地方”,what名词性从句中也可以表示 “……的地方”(the place that)。判断方法:where是连接副词,在从句中做状语;what是连接代词,在从句中做主、宾、表语。例如:

This park is where we first met.这个公园是我们第一次认识的地方。(where在从句中做状语修饰动词met)

Always put things where you can find them at once.永远把东西放在你能立刻找到它们的地方。(where在从句中做状语修饰动词put)

Exactly when the first people arrived in what is known as California,no one really knows.确切什么时间最早的人们到达现在被称为加利福尼亚的地方,没有人真正知道。(what在从句中做is known as的主语,相当于the place that)

2.5 whatever/whoever与no matter what/who

连接代词whatever/whoever①连接名词性从句表示 “任何……的东西”/人”(相当于anything/anybody that);②连接让步状语从句表示“无论什么/谁(都)”。连词词组no matter what/who只连接让步状语从句(同上②)。判断方法:whatever/whoever作为连接代词用于名词性从句时既做从句成份又做主句成份,用于让步状语从句时只做从句成份而不做主句成份;no matter what/who作为连词词组既不做从句成份也不做主句成份。例如:

Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡值得做的东西就值得做好。(名词性从句)(whatever既做从句主语也做主句主语)

They ate whatever they could find on the deserted island.他们在荒岛吃任何找得到的东西。(名词性从句)(whatever既做从句宾语也做主句宾语)

Whoever comes to the club is welcome.不论谁来参加这个俱乐部都欢迎。(名词性从句)(whoever既做从句主语又做主句主语)

You may offer the book to whoever likes it.你可把这本书给任何喜欢它的人。(名词性从句)(whoever既做从句主语又做主句宾语)

Do it whatever(no matter what)others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。(让步状语从句)(whatever只做从句宾语不做主句成份)(只有在让步状语从句中no matter what才可以和no matter what互换)

Whoever(No matter who)you are,you must obey the rule.不管你是谁,你都要遵守这项规则。(让步状语从句)(whoever只做从句表语不做主句成份,可以与no matter who互换)

[1]教育部.普通高中课程标准试验教科书[M].人民教育出版社,2004.

[2]薄冰.薄冰英语语法[M].北京:开明出版社,2007.

[3]徐广联.大学英语语法(讲座与测试)[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社,2009.

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