合作原则与英语幽默
2010-08-15余启华
于 霞,余启华
(1.华中师范大学 外国语学院,湖北 武汉 430079;2.九江学院 外国语学院,江西 九江 332005)
合作原则与英语幽默
于 霞1,2,余启华2
(1.华中师范大学 外国语学院,湖北 武汉 430079;2.九江学院 外国语学院,江西 九江 332005)
幽默是在现实生活中产生、形成的一种特殊的言语交际。本文从语用学中合作原则的角度对幽默言语进行实例分析,以探求语用与幽默的基本规律,进而促进人们对幽默的理解和欣赏。
合作原则;幽默
幽默是一种言语的艺术,它短小精悍,妙趣横生,意义隽永,反映的生活面广。正因为它是语言的艺术,它的产生一方面离不开语言本身的内在规律,另一方面也在很大程度上有赖于语言在语境中的使用情况。而语用学的任务就是研究把特定的话语(utterance)放在特定的语境中使用所产生的交际功能,探索在不同的交际环境下如何运用语言的规律。幽默的产生和形成在许多情况下是说话者(或作家)故意说出与特定语境表面上不相干或不相关的话语,故意提供模糊信息,由听话人自己揣测说话者的言外之意。这些构成幽默的说话方式正是语用学在幽默中的体现。下面笔者拟就语用学的合作原则来分析英语幽默,探讨语用学规律是怎样用于制造幽默效果的。
格赖斯的合作原则(Cooperative Principle)包括四大准则(maxims):一是量的准则(Quantity maxim):(1)说话应包含交谈目的所需的信息;(2)说话不应包含超出需要的信息。二是质的准则(Quality maxim):(1)不要说虚假的话;(2)不要说缺乏证据的话。三是关系准则(Relation maxim):努力使话语与正在进行的会话有关联。四是方式准则(Manner maxim):(1)避免歧义;(2)避免晦涩;(3)说话简练;(4)说话井井有条。
上述合作原则是使会话正常地、顺利地进行下去的首要前提。一般来说,谈话双方总是遵循以上合作原则的。但这并不意味着人们在交际中就一定恪守这些原则。恰恰相反,人们有时会无意或有意地违反这些原则。如在交际中一方有意或无意违反了其中一条(或几条)准则,交际效果必然受到影响,容易导致说话者的主观意图与客观效果之间的不一致。而这种不一致,正是造成幽默的重要原因之一。因此有意或无意地违反合作原则往往会导致幽默的产生。
1.合作原则之一——数量准则的违反与幽默
1.1 信息量的不足
(1)An old lady was strolling through the park when she saw Jamie with a dog.
“Does your dog bite?”she asked.
“No.”said Jamie.
When the old lady tried to pet the dog,it almost bit her fingers off.“I think you said your dog does not bite!”screamed the old lady with blood dripping from her hand."That is right,”answered Jamie.“My dog does not bite but that is not my dog.”
在这个故事中当老太太问:“你的狗咬人吗?”这时她所问的是两个信息:一是Jamie身边的那只狗是否是他的;二是那只狗是否咬人。而Jamie只说他的狗不咬人,但没说身边那只狗不是他的,他违反了量的准则,没有提供老太太所需的全部信息,结果让老太太遭受了皮肉之苦。
(2)A stranger on horseback came to a river with which he was unfamiliar.The traveler asked a youngster if it was deep.
“No,”replied the boy,and the rider started to cross,but soon found that he and his horse had to swim for their lives.
When the traveler reached the other side he turned and shouted,“I thought you said it wasn't deep?”
“It isn't,”was the reply,“It only takes grandfather's ducks up to their middles!”
在这个例子里,那个陌生的旅行者想过河,由于不熟悉该条河流的情况,他问男孩河水深不深。男孩回答:“不深。”于是他便放心地骑着马下了河,可是不久之后他就发现他和他的马必须拼命地游水,否则会被河水淹没。上岸后他很生气地质问男孩:“你说河水不深?”男孩答:“的确不深,它只到我爷爷鸭子的腰部。”小品中旅行者真正的目的不仅是询问河水深不深,而且想知道他能否骑着马直接过河。而男孩则违反量的准则,没有详加说明为什么在他的眼里水并不深。旅行者并没意识到这一点,因而差点溺水。
1.2 信息量过多
(1)Aunt:How did Jimmy do his history examination?
Mother:Oh,not at all well.They asked him things that happened before the poor boy was born.
例1中,Mother本可用简单的“Oh.not at all well”来回答,非但如此,她还提供了多余信息让Aunt始料不及,并进而得出如下推断:Jimmy历史考试不及格并非他的过错,而是因为老师们问了一些他出世之前的问题,其母亲似乎在为他推托责任,听似“荒谬”的解释蕴涵抱怨,于是读者从这则对话中揣摩出幽默意味。
2.合作原则之二——质量准则的违反与幽默
会话中因提供的信息量不足(或多余)会导致幽默;同样说话的内容如缺乏依据,甚至完全不真实,就违反了 “质量准则”。这在幽默会话中也是很常见的,如:
The elderly couple had just gotten married.Preparing for bed,the wife put a glass of water on the night stand.
Then she opened a bottle of pills and took one.
“You never told me you were on medication,”the husband said.
“On,this?This is just something to make me feel young.”
“Well,if it's good for you,it’11 be good for me,”replied the husband,taking several pills.
The next morning the wife woke up and looked around
Her husband wasn't there.She searched all through the house but couldn't find him anywhere.Then she looked out the front window,and there he was sitting beside the mailbox crying his eyes out. “What's the matter,dear?”She cried,running outside.
“I miss the school bus!”he wailed.
“质的准则”要求我们话语真实,故夸张的话语可以说是对“质的准则”的违反,但也正是由于这种故意的极度的夸张,才产生了一种使人忍俊不禁的效果。中年的丈夫由于喝药而感到年轻,一夜之间竟“返老还童”,因耽误校车而嚎陶大哭。
3.合作原则之三——关系准则的违反与幽默
会话合作原则中“关系准则’,要求会话双方所说的话都要与话题相关,即说话要切题。如违反这一准则,一方在“说东”,另一方却在“道西”,或一方所答非另一方所问,交际势必难以进行还往往会引起滑稽可笑的结果。
(1)A young man pretended that his eyesight was very poor when examined,so that he wasn’t called up for army service. That evening he went to a movie only to find that the doctor who had examined him was sitting beside him.Immediately he said to the man doctor,“Excuse me,mama,but does this bus go to Main Street?”
在电影院里,年轻小伙子对邻座给他检查过视力的男医生说:“女士,这路公车去梅恩大街吗?”这与当时的语境毫无关系。年轻小伙子故意违反关系准则,试图造成欲乘公共汽车而误入影院的假象和咫尺之遥而不辨男女的假象,以掩盖其谎言以便逃过兵役,这正给整则故事增添了幽默色彩。
(2)A little old lady crossed Times Square against the traffic and somehow managed to make it safely to the opposite curb, where the traffic cop was glaring at her with strong disapproval.“Did you see that sign?”he said.
“What sign?”the lady said.
The policeman pointed at the flashing warning on the traffic signal.“Don’t walk.”
“Oh I saw it all right,”the lady said,“but I thought it was an advertisement of a bus company.”
老太太不顾警示灯打出“不要行走”的警示,横越街道。在警察提出质问时给了恰如其分的解释。是老太太真糊涂呢,还是她巧用了幽默的技巧为自己解脱困境?
4.合作原则之四——方式准则的违反与幽默
如果说 “数量准则”、“质量准则”、“关系准则”都是围绕“说什么”这一问题的,那么“方式准则”就是说关于“怎么说”这一问题了。如不顾对象、场合、话题等具体语境要求,乱用错用词语、语气等,都会在说话方式和说话内容之间产生不协调。如:
“George,I saw you kissing the maid,"said the wife grimly,“I demand an explanation.”“Now,don't jump to conclusions,”said the fast-thinking husband.“All I did was to complain that she had not dusted the living room properly and she attacked me with a broom.I had to bite her in self defense.”
当妻子严厉地质问丈夫并要求解释为什么“吻”(kiss)女仆时,而丈夫却机智地回答道因为他要求女仆打扫起居室,女仆用扫帚打他,为了“自卫”,他不得不“咬”(bite)她。丈夫的狡猾之处就是他以自卫为借口,把“吻”(kiss)和“咬”(bite)混为一谈,故意模糊其词,为自己摆脱窘境。在此他实际上背离了方式的准则,使得故事幽默可笑。
5.结尾语
由以上的举例分析我们可以看出,在会话中违反合作原则会产生幽默效果。当然,幽默的种类很多,产生的原因也很多。在不同的语境中,人们对会话含义、指示语、言语行为和前提等的理解可能产生偏差、错位,这些语用因素都会导致幽默的产生。本文只是从违反Grice合作原则的角度对幽默的产生进行了分析。笔者也期盼能与广大语言学爱好者从其它各个方面进一步探讨幽默产生的原因和实质,因为幽默是我们现实生活中不可缺少的调味品,懂得幽默才能真正了解生活。
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