英语仿拟的语义生成基础
2010-08-15陈南燕
陈南燕
(遵义师范学院外语系,贵州遵义563002)
在语言交际中,修辞一直起着十分重要的作用。可用以阐明思想,加强语气,节省篇幅,激发联想,表达激情或获取韵律。同时,修辞还具有一个基本的美学效果——扩大和加深感觉的范围,以及对物体和思想世界的反应的范围。在我们的语言表达过程中,修辞的运用无处不在。索绪尔在论述语言符号的任意性时指出,英语语言的使用在某种程度上存在其任意性和约定俗成的模仿,英语仿拟正好从某种程度上说明了语言表达的这一特点,说明了语言表达过程中人类丰富的想象力及联想力,也说明了语言表意功能的可滋生性。
一、英语仿拟的语义生成基础
任何语言均具有表意功能,世间万物为人类语言提供了生成基础,而人类丰富的联想力又使语言表达具有一定的任意性及灵活性。英语语言表达式丰富多彩,从词句、段落到谚语格言,尤其是圣经给英语语言提供了用之不竭,取之不尽的语料资源。这一切均为英语仿拟提供了一定的语义生成基础。在语言交际过程中正确而恰当地使用仿拟,有助于揭示所表达的事物内在的矛盾,增强说服力,使语言表达生动活泼,幽默诙谐,富有一定的讽刺色彩。
二、英语仿拟的分类
根据不同的语义生成基础,英语仿拟可以分为以下三个类别。
1.现有的短语、成语或谚语
即把其中的某词换成意义相近或相反的词,或以其它方式,临时仿造出一个新的短语。也就是由原有词项类比出新的词相,从本质上来说,这种类比其实就是人类的隐喻思维,也被视为人类造词的重要语义理据(Semantic Motivation)之一。其中相似类比是最为普遍的一种类比,即利用新事物与原有事物之间的相似点,由此及彼,类推出新事物的名称。例如:由原有的“Water pollution”(水污染)可以滋生出诸如“air pollution”,“environmemtal pollution”,“noise/sound pollution”,“visual/eye pollution”,“cultural pollution”and“graffiti pollution”等一系列的仿词;再如英语“gap”(裂口/间隙/差距)一词最早与(导弹)搭配,产生于美国1960年大选期间,指美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差距。随后一系列的仿词由此而生:“production gap,development gap,credibility gapand generation gap”。与相似类比相对应的是相反类比:这种类比就是利用原有词项仿造出反义词。这种反义类比不仅体现了人类的隐喻思维,同时也反映了人类共有的对比联想(Association by contrast)能力。如:由原有的“hot war”仿造出20世纪50-60年代东、西方的冷战时代(cold war);同样地:hot line—cold line(热线—冷线);high-rise—low-rise(高层建筑—低层建筑);overproduction—underproduction.(生产过剩—生产不足)。
谚语是一个国家的人民的智慧和才华的结晶,它在语言上具有精辟、生动、形象、优美和通俗等特点;它往往通过飞禽走兽、花草树木等具体事物,来说明具有深奥道理的抽象事物。它经常被引用在小说、戏剧、寓言等各种形式的文学作品中。同时也为英语仿拟的主要语义生成基础之一。如下的例子均说明了这一点:A.Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondavi brothers,who feuded bitterly over control of the family business.(仿造于谚语“Blood is thicker than water.”间接地讽刺了为了争夺家业而忘了兄弟间手足情谊的蒙特维兄弟两,揭露了他们见利忘义,结怨成仇的丑恶脸嘴。B.“Like son,like father,”said his mother.(仿造于谚语“Like father,like son.”母亲借儿子之行为讽劝了父亲。)由此在语言交际中可产生相似的仿拟语言句:“Like mother,like daughter.”“Like daughter,like mother.”这一仿拟语言表达式生动地说明了现实生活中,父子间与母女间在行为举止上的相互影响,说明了他们之间有着十分重要的潜移默化作用,同时也成功地揭示了一个普遍存在的社会现象。C.In economics all roads lead to socialism.___by George Bernard Shaw(是根据谚语“All roads lead to Rome.”仿造而成。说明了现实中所存在的异曲同工的道理。D.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.→All work and no play makes a dull stay.这样的例子不胜枚举。E.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.→“A husband/wife in the hand is worth two in the bush..”she grinned.F.A stitch in time saves nine.→A word in time saves nine.G.You may take a horse to the water but you cannot make him drink.→You can take a child to Euclid but you can’t make him think.H.Where there is a will,there is a way.→Where there is water,there is wealth.I.He who laughslas tlaughs best.→The lass who lassos the lad laughs last.
Do in Rome as the Romans do.入乡随俗。
Do in America as the Americans do.
Do in China as the Chinese do.
When in his territory,do as he does.
All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。
All roads lead to success.
All roads lead to Beijing.
All roads lead to heaven.
Time lost cannot be won again.时光流逝,不可复得。
Friend lost cannot be won again.
Opportunity lost cannot be won again.
Look before you leap.(三思而后行。)
Plan before you do.
Think before you do.
No pain,no gain.(没有付出就没有收获。表达一种条件。)
No sweat,no sweet.
No water,no life.
No trees,no life.
和谚语相似,成语也是文化发展的过程中逐渐沉淀下来的,它们的构成与一个文化中人们的生存环境和习俗有紧密的关系,俗语通常都是人们在日常生活中信手拈来的语言,因此更是家喻户晓。名言、历史人物所说的话、一本名著中的话语或古诗中的诗句、某一戏剧、电影中的台词,只要是广为人知,传播甚久甚广的话语,都随时可能成为仿拟的语义生成基础。
A.nine days’wonder(轰动一时的事物)→seven-day wonder(昙花一现的新闻);B.salt of the earth(社会中坚)→the salt of the labouring man(劳动者的血汗);C.born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth(出生富贵)→born with a Cadillac in one’s mouth;D.worth one’s weight in gold(非常有价值的)→worth their weight in diamonds;E.bite off more than one can chew(不自量力)→married a bit more than he could chew;F.fall between two stools(两头落空)→fall between three/four stools;G.keep one’s head above water(勉强度日)→keep one’s nose above water;H.sit on the fence(观望态度)→reside on the fence;
2.以世界上古今名言名句为依据
to be or not to be,that is a question.就常常被改编以适应各种面临选择的场景,如to age or not to age...,to buy or not to buy...,to know or not to know...等,如某香烟广告就将之改为To smoke or not to smoke,that is a question.Sense and Sensibility.→Sense and simplicity.To err is human;to forgive,divine.(人会犯错,神会原谅。也就是中文中的人孰无过,过而能改,善莫大焉。出自马克·吐温)
To eat is human;to digest,divine.
To learn is human;to digest divine.(学习贵在消化吸收)
Life is a stage.(William Shakespre)→life is a long journey.
If winter comes,can spring be far behind?(Percey Shelly)→If today has come,can tommorrow be far behind?
…to rise like Lions after slumber…Shake your chanins to earth like dew.(Percey Shelly)→to rise like lions after slumber and shake off their chains like dew.
Don't part with your illusions.When they are gone you may still exist,but you have ceased to live.(Mark Twain,American writer)
不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后,你还可以生存,但是你虽生犹死。(美国作家马克·吐温)→Don't part with your dreams/wishes/hope/pursuit.
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
Alexander Dumas(Davy de La Pailleterie,French Writer)
生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。(法国作家大仲马.A.)→Living without love/friendship/learning is like living without sunshine.
Genius only means hard-working all one's life.(Mendeleyer,Russian Chemist)
天才只意味着终身不懈的努力。(俄国化学家门捷列耶夫)→Achievement/successs only means hard-working all one's life.
Our destiny offers not the cup of despair,but the chalice of opportunity.(Richard Nixon,American President)
命运给予我们的不是失望之酒,而是机会之杯。(美国总统尼克松.R.)→Our fate offers not the glass of disappointmen,but the chance of hope.
The man who has made up his mind to win will never say"impossible".
(Bonaparte Napoleon,French emperor)
凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。(法国皇帝拿破仑.B.)→The man who is determined to win will never say“giving up”.
Where there is a will,there is a way.(Thomas Edison,American inventor)
有志者,事竟成。(美国发明家爱迪生.T.)→Where there is life,there is hope.
All the splendor in the world is not worth a good friend.(Voltaire,French thinker)
人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。(法国思想家伏尔泰)→All the splendor in the world is not worth a good wife/husband/father/mother.
Happiness is form courage.(H.Jackson,British writer)
幸福是勇气的一种形式。(英国作家杰克逊.H.)→Happiness is form success/achievement/work/study.
Activity is the only road to knowledge.
(George Bernard Shaw,British dramatist)
行动是通往知识的唯一道路。(英国剧作家肖伯纳.G.)→Integrity/honesty is the only road to happiness.
If you want to understand today,you have to search yesterday.(
Pearl Buck,American female writer)
想要懂得今天,就必须研究昨天。(美国女作家赛珍珠)→If you want to predict tomorrow,you have to know today.
3.根据前人的现有诗节或成篇仿造而成
Three Passions I have Lived For
by Bertrand Russell
Threepassions,simplebut over whel mingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions,like great winds,have blown me hither and thither,in a wayward course over a deep ocean of anguish,reaching to the very verge of despair.
吾之三愿
贝特兰·罗素
吾生三愿,纯朴却激越:一曰渴望爱情,二曰求索知识,三曰悲悯吾类之无尽苦难。此三愿,如疾风,迫吾无助飘零于苦水深海之上,直达绝望之彼岸。→Three wishes,simpple but overwhelmingly puisant,have dominated my life:the desire for happiness,the pursuit for wisdom and the never-ending longing for freedom.…
O my luve is like a red,red rose,
啊,我的爱人象红红的玫瑰,
That?s newly sprung in June;
在六月里苞放;
O my luve is like the melodie,
啊,我的爱人象一支乐曲,
That?s sweetly played in tune.
乐声美妙、悠扬。
As fair thou art,my bonie lass,
你那么美,漂亮的姑娘;
So deep in luve am I;
我爱你那么深切;
And I will luve thee still,my dear,
我会永远爱你,亲爱的,
Till a?the seas gang dry.→O my sweet-heart is
like a beautiful flower,
That’s newly blossomed in July;
O my sweet-heart is like a song,
That?s sweetly played in July.
As pretty you are,my sweet-heart,
So deep in love am I;
And I will love you still,my darling,
Till the seas will go dry.
My friend
My friend must be a Bird—
Because it flies!
Mortal,my friend must be,
Because it dies!
Barbs has it,like a Bee!
Ah,curious friend!
Thou puzzlest me!
我的朋友
我的朋友肯定是只鸟—
因为它飞翔!
我的朋友肯定是个人,
因它会死亡!
它有倒刺,象蜜蜂一样!
哦,古怪的朋友啊!
你使我迷茫!→My lover must be a bird,
Because it flies!
Mortal,my lover must be,
Because she passes away!
Wings has she,like a bird!
Ah,mysterious lover!
You bewilder me!
三、英语仿拟修辞格的美感功能
语言交际中的仿拟之所以能够别具一番意境,是因为它使原本枯燥呆板的语言变得活泼俏皮起来,在某种程度上迎合了交际双方的审美心理。因为审美心理是人人具有的感受美、享受美并从中获得愉悦和快适的情感心理活动,也是发现美、表现美、创造美的认识活动。语言交际中的仿拟充分利用了被仿拟对象原有的美感因素,并在此基础上加以演绎,引导人们在熟悉的语句、语境和文本中发现新的审美要素,同时使其身心得到愉悦。英语仿拟在语言交际中的恰当使用能够带来如下几方面的美感享受。
1.语感美
语感美是审美感知的一种。审美感知又包含感觉和知觉,前者指通过五官感受,反映事物的个别属性,而后者则对感觉所得进行整合,反映事物的整体状貌。由于英语仿拟的语义生成基础是谚语、成语、名言及诗歌这些特殊语言表达形式,因此它们在语言上具有精辟、生动、形象、优美和通俗等特点;体现在英语仿拟中的语感美主要是指通过这些独特的语言表达形式所创造的音律、节奏、音调等方面的美感,使人感到铿锵有力,错落有致来达到语感上的流畅,从而获取语感美的享受。
2.联想美
由于仿拟的语句和篇章与人们所熟知的仿拟本体有着千丝万缕的联系,同时又根据语言交际的语境附带了很多新意,所以英语仿拟的生成与使用表明了人类所具有的联想空间,同时也从某种程度上说明了语言的滋生性以及任意性,说明了语言的联想性及灵活性;“审美联想是由当前感知的事物回忆起或想起与它相关的另一件事物...即由审美感知所获取的沉淀在人记忆中的印象,由审美对象引发出来的表象的联系和运动。”英语仿拟的生成与使用能在原有的语言基础上赋予人联想的翅膀,在美丽的语言表达空间里翱翔,尽享语言应有的联想美。
3.意境美
在语言交际中英语仿拟还能够将人带入一种意境,使其产生身临其境的感觉。虽然仿拟语句中所描绘的场景或氛围不能给人直接的经验感受,但是人们通过审美想象,可以在脑海里形成并感受某种意境,从而获取意境美的享受。如一句简单的仿拟句“Where there is life/water/health,there is wealth/hope/happiness.”仅通过两个字的修改,就不知不觉地让人进入了一种富有哲理性的现实意境美;同样地一句简单的名言警句“to be or not to be,that is a question.”→“to do or not to do;to love or not to love;”就将人带入了一种间接的人生境界,通过审美想象让人直接感受了人生面临选择时而产生的一种意境美。
四、结语
英语的仿拟修辞格在英语文学作品及仿拟成语、谚语、名言、警句等的表达形式中,都是一种巧妙、机智而有趣的修辞格,其运用形式主要有三种:仿拟词语、仿拟谚语、成语、名言佳句、仿拟篇章。仿拟在语言交际中的运用中具有明显的易辨性、临时性和生动性的特点,它对人们所熟知的英语语言要素加以修改或演绎,衍生出新的内涵和形式,让人能迅速地领悟新的语言意境和获取美感享受。仿拟是一种神奇的修辞手法,它在赋予原有语言生机的同时,也将人带入丰富多彩,美不胜收的意境,带给人们欢愉和快乐,使他们在联想中体会,在想象中创造意境,着实地感受仿拟无可抗拒的美感魅力。
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