书面表达的开头和结尾

孟宪云

文章的开头和结尾是文章的重要组成部分。他们的好坏影响了全文的大局,也是评卷者评分的重要依据。因此,文章的开头要引人入胜,起到令人一见倾心的作用。同时,要起到承上启下的作用,顺理成章地引出下文。文章的结尾多是总结性的语句,它对前文高度概括,使文章前后呼应,大大增强了文章的逻辑性。

在英语训练中,常识性的惯用语句,不但可以增添句子表达的准确性,减少不必要的错误,还可以提高书面表达的档次。笔者依据文章的类型不同,归纳总结如下:

一、交流性的文章以沟通为目的,以语言委婉为基础。既要考虑对方的需求,也要说出自己的需求。举例如下:

(1) 写信。 开头:I am glad to hear from you./How are you getting along with your study?/ I really do not know how to thank you for your...

结尾:I am looking forward to your reply./Remember me to your parents.

(2) 通知。 开头:Attention please./May I make an announcement here?

结尾:Dont forget the time and the address./I am sure you will have a lot of fun.

(3) 求职。 开头: I am writing to apply for the po?鄄sition as an English teacher that you recentlyadvertised in China Daily./I think my major particularly matches your requirements of the post.

结尾: In a word, I am confident that I qualify for the post./If I were favored with an interview, I would be graceful./Please contact me as soon as possible.

二、介绍性的文章以交代人物、地点、事件等为根本,给读者总体印象,要简单概括,不必一一展开。很多开头用一句复杂句式,结尾多是以充满希望和感情色彩的句子。举例如下:

(1)人物。 开头:Teacher Wang is 50 years old, a kind man, with a pair of glasses on his nose.

结尾:Teacher Wang is such a man that can not be forgotten forever.

(2)地点。 开头:Let me tell you something about your first destination. /It is a middle size city,200 kilome?鄄ters away from Xi,an,with a population of 100,000.

结尾:There are also many places of interest here./Enjoy yourself to the full.

(3)事件。 开头: May 12th is not an ordinary day in 2008,it is on this day that shocking earthquakehappened in SiEhuan.

结尾:With the help of such a large love,we will over?鄄comethe damage of the earthquake and face our beautiful future!

三、议论性的文章大致分为三种。一种是就题论题,作者对提出的观点做适当的论述。找出论据支持已提出的论点。第二种是提出正反方面的利弊,对它们各做陈述,或支持其中的一个方面。第三种是提出问题,必须解决问题。举例如下:

(1)议论。1 开头: An investigation shows that.../ When it comes to.../People seems to fail to take into ac?鄄count that...

结尾: There is no denying fact that...

(2)议论。2 开头:Whether or not advertisement has a good effect on us was discussed in our class. /More than half of the students think.../On the other hand,45% of us think...

结尾:I hold the view that.../From above,we can pre?鄄dict that...

(3)议论。3 开头:It is known to us that.../As for us, they bring about some negative effects.

结尾: It is high time that we should take measures to solve this problem./ In order to get rid of the bad effects, a strict discipline should be carried out.Meanwhile, whoever neglects it will be punished.

四、图表性的文章以介绍方位和对比数据变化为主。主要目的是说清楚地理位置和让读者明白前后变化的 情况,不可给人条理不清,一塌糊涂的感觉。而其他的图表文章多能转化为记叙文和说明议论文。举例如下:

(1)方位。开头:The school is across the street. On the right stands a booth.

结尾:It is surrounded by flowers and trees. It is more of a garden than a school.

(2)图表。 开头:From the picture, we can see that in 2005,the number is 200,000.In 2006,there is 3% higher than2005.What is more,In 2007,the number is twice as large as 2005. /As its shown in the chart that.../Compared to 2005,the number increased by 10%,reaching 40% in 2008,which doubles thatof 2005.

结尾: The data suggests that the number of the people is growing.

五、说明性的文章旨在说明一个问题,在英语书面表达中,说明性的文章多以工作、学习、体育和环境等方面为主, 开头还可采用其他多种形式,如: 疑问句、谚语、名言、摆事实、举例子等。举例如下:

(1)工作。开头:Why do people work with so much competition?

结尾:Chairman Mao once made a famous remark about competition.To battle with God isgreat fun.To battle with Earth is great fun.To battle with people is great fun.

(2)学习。开头:Live and learn./No pains,no gains.

结尾:In short,knowledge comes from accumulation./Where there is a will, there is a way.

(3)体育。 开头:I did a survey of how long we play sports on weekends.

结尾:So come and do exercise as soon as you can. /Doing exercise can strengthen my body and build my con?鄄fidence.

(4) 环境。 开头:Nowdays, air pollution becomes a problem which can not be neglected.

结尾:Without clean air ,without healthy life. /We should do what we can to protect our living environment.

因为文章的类型多种多样,文章的开头和结尾也各有千秋。在英语写作中,需要灵活多变。

参考文献:

[1]步步高.延边人民出版社.作文范文

[2]译苑.怎样写好书面表达(www.yyen.com.cn)

[3]王中锋,谢京敏.谈获得高分的高考英语书面表达特性.英语通

(责编 黄 晓)