广东高考语法填空中长难句结构分析

2009-11-05刘玉梅程强申

广东教育·高中 2009年10期

刘玉梅　程强申

纵观近年广东高考试题及各地模拟题,可以发现语法填空中出现了一些结构复杂的句子。也许是命题者想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式,从而考查考生在篇章层面上理解并运用语法知识分析句子结构的能力。

从结构来说,英语句子中,除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从功能来说,英语有三类从句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②定语从句;③状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外),也可以有自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词短语。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点,使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。

这些长难句对考生解题似乎产生一定影响,现将其归类并逐一加以分析。

类型一:复合句和并列句

有些句子较长,有时甚至出现一个从句套另一个从句环环相扣的情况,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列、平行。

例如1:(2007年广东卷) “Cursing my misfortune, I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to___32___should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house.”

全句是一个由when连接的并列句,并列连词when 意为“就在这时”。前一分句前有作状语的现在分词短语Cursing my misfortune,分句中还有where引导的宾语从句;在第二个并列分句中含有that引导的宾语从句,而宾语从句中又有一个由who引导的定语从句,修饰villagers;在这个宾语从句中的复合介词as to (至于) 后还接有一个宾语从句。32空要填的词是引导宾语从句且在从句中充当主语,指人,所以答案为 who。

例2:(2009佛山二模) In Japan,for example,it is normal for the woman to send chocolates to the man, ___37___in Korea April 14th is known as “Black Day” and is when the unfortunate men who received nothing on Valentines Day gather to eat noodles and show sympathy for each other.

因In Japan, it is…与in Korea April 14th is…两句之间没有连词或分号应当填连词,两句之间是对比关系,故填并列连词while。在后一分句中when(是……的时候)引导表语从句,在表语从句中主语the unfortunate men后接定语从句who received nothing on Valentines Day,而gather to eat noodles and show sympathy for each other是并列谓语。

类型二:复杂修饰成分

句子本不难,但是修饰成分多且长。在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语或非谓语动词短语,且都不止一个。

例3:(2009茂名一模)In Indonesia, where Obama lived___35___a child, hundreds of students at his former elementary school erupted in cheers when he36___(declare) winner, pouring into the courtyard___37___they hugged, danced in the rain and chanted “Obama! Obama!”

这个句子的主句为hundreds of students erupted in cheers。这个句子修饰语很多:①地点状语In Indonesia,后跟where引导的非限制性定语从句,对Indonesia 起补充说明作用;②由when引导的时间状语从句;③现在分词短语 pouring into the courtyard作状语,后跟where引导的定语从句,定语从句中有三个并列的谓语动词。(答案:35. as 36. was declared 37. where)

例4:(2009肇庆质量检测) Being very short of money and wanting to do something___32___(use), Iapplied, fearing as I did so, that___33___a degree and with no experience of teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.

这个句子的主句为I applied。前面两个并列的现在分词短语Being very short of money and wanting to do something___32___(use),做原因状语;后面一个现在分词短语fearing作伴随状语,fearing后跟as 引导的状语从句和that引导的宾语从句;在that my chances of getting the job were slim这个宾语从句中,两个并列的介词短语without a degree and with no experience of teaching在宾语从句中作原因状语。(32. useful 33. without)

类型三:分隔结构

有些句子将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来。考试中出现较多的是先行词与定语从句的分隔,主语与谓语的分隔。

例5:(2007年广东卷)“While she was getting me___34(settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my Car to pull it to___35___small town some 20 kilometers away___36___there was a garage.”

由 36空(where)引导的定语从句与先行词a small town之间被some 20 kilometers away分隔开了,对解题造成一定难度。(34. settled35. a36. where)

例6:Some are young people___37, for one reason or another, have left home and have nowhere to live.

主句为Some are young people。先行词 young people后接定语从句,其中充当主语的关系代词与从句的谓语被for one reason or another分割。

例7:(2008广州二模) But the lives of the ancient people who once lived around the lake and___31___culture was thought to be highly advanced, have long remained a secret.

句子的主干是the lives of the ancient people have long remained a secret. 在the ancient people后面带有两个定语从句,一个由who引导, 另一个由whose 引导,主句的主语与谓语之间隔着两个定语从句。(31. whose)

巩固练习

按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求, 在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。

1.(2009年广东卷)Besides,shopping at this time of the year was not___33___pleasant experience:people stepped on your feet or___34___(push)you with their elbows(肘部),hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.

2.(2009广州一模)The boy, who had remained silent and deep in thought on the journey home,___34___(reply) in a way that shocked his father.

3.(2009广州一模)He envied the farmers who had the beautiful night stars to give them light35___his family had only expensive lanterns.

4.(2009汕头一模)38he was discouraged or faced difficult problems he would open the box, take out an imaginary kiss, and remember the love of this beautiful child39___had put it there.

5.(2009广州调研)From that day the cat,___40___never finished and lost his place on the calendar, became the enemy of the rat.

6.(2008深圳一模)All of a sudden, her handicap was gone and all I saw was this beautiful girl,___35___smile just melted me___36___almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of___37___life is all about.

7.(2008佛山二模)They broke through two glass doors,___36___(run) to the museums top floor and grabbed the two paintings from different rooms, somehow___37___(avoid) nearby guards.

8. But each time you try something,you learn,and___39___the learning piles up,the world opens to you.

9. He got some odd bits of cloth,___38___(make) two rolls with them, and had his ears plugged with the two cloth rolls.

10. Many of them have had a serious disagreement with their parents and have left home,___38___(choose) to go to a city and live on the streets.

11. But now, he will probably look out of the window or hide behind his newspaper,___32___(leave) the lady standing33___someone else gets off.

12. There are moments in life___31___you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them from your dreams and hug them for real!

13. The custom of crying marriage existed a long time ago in many areas of Southwest Chinas Sichuan Province, and___32___(remain) in fashion___33the end of the Qing Dynasty.

14. These visitors from all parts of the country brought in money, but the rubbish they left___36___(draw) more and more rats onto the island.

15. So now,___38___I travel, I always bear in mind what I should bring in,___39___I dont want to bring anything that is strange,___40___(need) or even dangerous to my destination.

参考答案

1. (33. a34. pushed )

2. (34. replied.)

3. (35. while/because/as )

4. (38. Whenever/When 39. who)

5. (40. who)

6. (35. whose36. and37. what)

7. (36. ran 37. avoiding )

8. (39. as)

9. (38. made)

10. (38. choosing)

11. (32. leaving 33. until)