英语定语从句教学应注意的几个问题
2009-03-02封军玲
封军玲
摘 要:在高中英语教学中,定语从句是学生学习的一个重点,同时也是一个难点。在教学时,首先应让学生明确定语从句的定义和关系词的功能,其次要让学生正确区分关系代词(that / which)与关系副词(when / where / why)的不同用法,注意主谓语的一致性及被动语态问题。
关键词:英语;教学;定语从句
中图分类号:G633.41 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-010X(2009)01-0056-02
在高中阶段的英语学习中,定语从句是学生学习的一个重点,同时也是一个难点。现就定语从句教学中应注意的几个问题谈一些自己的看法。
首先,应该让学生明确定语从句的定义和关系词的功能:第一,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的用作定语的从句。定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词,起“定语”的作用,修饰说明名词、代词或主句的全部内容,通常位于被修饰的词语( 即“先行词” )之后,由关系词引导。第二,关系词有两种功能:一是引导一个定语从句,二是在定语从句中充当一个成分。例如:Do you knowthe engineerwhois speaking to our teacher?关系代词who引导定语从句,在从句中替代 the engineer,并在从句中作主语。根据“关系词”在定语从句中的功能,又分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”两种,常用的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which 和that;关系副词有 when, where和 why。
其次,在学生对定语从句有了基本的认识之后,教师应设置相应的语境,提供合适的例句及段落等,在相应的场合组织形式多样的训练。训练中注意以下几个问题。
一、正确区分关系代词
关系代词的区分是学生学习的一个难点,但也是定语从句学习的一个重点。首先我们可以通过下面表格使学生了解都有哪些关系代词,它们分别充当什么句子成分:
从表中可以给学生指出,that 引导定语从句,其功能最强,除不能作定语外,其它几个功能都能担当。但是在使用时,学生往往分不清什么时候用which 什么时候用 that ,需要就这两个词用法上的异同进行归纳以帮助学生理解:
1. which 能引导非限制性定语从句,而 that 不能:
Next year,whichyoull spend in your hometown, is coming.
( 此句中的which 不能用 that 代替 )
2. 关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语,即用于“介词+关系代词” 结构时,只能用which不能用that:
I have bought two ballpoint pens,B writes well.
A. none of which
B. neither of which
C. none of them
D. neither of them
3. 当定语从句所修饰的先行词既有人又有物时,这个定语从句只能用that引导,一般不能用which:
Later my father and Mr. Smith talked for about half an hour ofthings and persons(that) they remembered in the school.(that在从句中做宾语,可省略)
4. 当先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词或先行词为不定代词所修饰时,这个定语从句用that引导:
Is thereanythingelse that you require?
There is stillmuchthat can be improved.
5. 当先行词前有最高级或序数词修饰时,关系代词用that:
This is one ofthe bestfilms that have been shown this year.
The firstplace that we visited was the hospital.
6. 先行词被the only, the very, the last等修饰时只能用that:
Hesthe veryperson that I want to visit.
7. 先行词在主句中作表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时用that:
Shes no longerthe girlthat she was in her childhood.
二、正确区分关系代词(that / which)与关系副词(when / where / why)
讲解这类题时,要从定语从句中所缺成分着手来使学生确定使用关系代词还是关系副词,一定要让学生明白不能因为先行词是表时间的名词就用when,是表地点的名词就用where,先行词是reason就用why,我们可以让学生比较下面的正误句:
1.This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(误)
2.This is the mountain village(that/which)I visited last year.(正)
3.This is the mountain village where I lived last year.(正)
4.I'll never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(误)
5.I'll never forget the days(that/which)I spent in the countryside.(正)
6. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.(正)
由以上例句引导学生归纳出,用关系代词还是用关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果动词是及物的,后面又无宾语,就用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。因此,能否正确区分及物动词和不及物动词是问题的关键,教学可就此问题强调注意词性的重要性。
三、主谓一致及被动语态问题
当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,主谓语的一致性及被动语态问题也是一个使学生容易困惑的问题,我们仍然可以通过例句分析让学生明白。
让学生看下面的正误句,寻找规律:
1.He is one ofthe studentswho was praised at the meeting. (误)
2.He isthe only oneof the students who were praised at the meeting.(误)
3.He is one ofthe studentswho were praised at the meeting.(正)
4.He isthe only oneof the students who was praised at the meeting.(正)
借上面的例句可以引导学生总结出:例1定语从句的先行词是the students,关系代词 who应与 the students 保持数的一致,故谓语动词用复数were;例2定语从句的先行词是 the only one,关系代词 who 应与the only one保持数的一致,故谓语动词用单数was。
四、学生经常出错的地方
在定语从句中,不能重复使用被关系词替代的名词、代词或副词,这是定语从句运用中学生经常出错的地方,一定要详细讲解和练习。
1.Do you know the man whothe manis talking to our teacher?
2.Last week we visited the factory where my father workedtherethree years ago.
通过上面的例句可以使学生们了解到:在例1中,关系代词who已经替代了the man,并在定语从句中做主语,第二个the man是多余的,故应去掉;在例2中,关系副词where已经替代了副词there,即前面提到的the factory,并在从句中做地点状语,故 there是多余的,应去掉。
五、关系代词as的用法
学习关系代词as的用法时,可从以下几方面展开:
1. as用作关系代词,引导限制性定语从句时,既可以指人又可以指物,在the same或such 所修饰的名词后,通常用as作关系词引出定语从句。如:
I have got into the same trouble as you have.
I have never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.
2. as也可以引导一个非限制性定语从句,代表整个主句,常常有“正如”的含义,这种从句位置比较灵活,可以位于主句之前、之间,也可位于主句之后。而作此用法时一般只位于主句之后。
As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.
Smoking is harmful to ones health, as we know.
Smoking,as is known to all, is harmful to ones health.
It began to rain, which was exactly what we wanted.
学习as 的用法时要让学生记一些短语,比如such…as…, the same…as…和一些习惯用法as is known to all, as we know, etc.以帮助学生理解﹑应用。
六、关系代词that的又一用法
关系代词that有时可以用作关系副词,代替名词the reason后面的关系副词why for which或the way后面的in which,在这种结构中关系词that还可以省略。可以通过下面的几个例句让学生练习,使学生明白that 这一特殊用法。
1.He refused to explainthe reasonwhy hat he did it.
2.He refused to explainthe reasonfor which he did it.
3.He refused to explainthe reasonhe did it.
4.The wayin which you think is wrong.
5.The waythat you think is wrong.
6.The wayyou think is wrong.
通过对上面几个例句的分析我们可以看出1,2,3例句中,先行词the reason在从句中充当原因状语时既可以用关系词why或for which,也可以用that(that也可省略);而4,5例句中the way为状语既可以用关系词in which,也可以用that(或省略)。也就是要看先行词是什么、充当什么成分,这是理解that 这一特殊用法的关键。
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