新目标七年级(上)Units5—6词语辨析
2008-10-18
1.have, have got
英美说“有”句法不同。如:
Have you any sisters?(英)
Have you got any sisters?(英,口语)
Do you have any sisters?(美)
但指“经常性、反复进行”时,只能用have。如:
Ive got a toothache. 我牙疼。(一时性)
I often have a toothache. 我经常牙疼。(经常性)
have与由动词转化的名词组成短语时,不能用have got代替,只能用have。如:have a dance, have a dream, have a drink, have a fight, have a joke, have a look, have a rest, have a swim。
一些习惯用语和句型中的have不能用have got代替。如:
have a bath, have a holiday, have a lesson, have breakfast/lunch/supper以及have a talk with…, have a word with…等。
2.have, there be
(1)have表“所属”关系的“有”;there be指某处“有”。如:
The man has a brother in Beijing. 此人有个弟弟在北京。
There are many books on the desk. 桌子上有很多书。
The desk has four legs. 书桌有四条腿。
There are many people in the room. 房间里有很多人。
(2)在have含“所有”的意义较弱的情况下,可与there be互换。如:
We have much rain this year.=There is much rain this year.
今年下了不少雨。
There is a map on the wall.=We have a map on the wall.
墙上有张地图。
The wall has a hole in it.=Theres a hole in the wall. 墙上有个洞。
A year has 365 days.=There are 365 days in a year. 一年有365天
3.good, well
good是形容词,用作表语和定语; 它表示戏剧、电影、书籍等某种东西的内容好;表示人品好、人的善良和对其他人的和睦、亲切。如:
I have a good book. 我有一本好书。
What a good play it is!多好的一部戏呀!
She is a good student. 她是个好学生。
Its very good of you to help me. 你来帮助我太好了。
well是形容词和副词。作形容词时只作表语,指处于满意的状态或指身体健康状况良好。如:
All is well with us. 我们一切都很顺利。
I think he will get well. 我想他会好的。
I am quite well today. 我今天身体很好。
well作副词,修饰动词。如:
Kate doesnt sing well, but she dances well.
凯特唱歌唱得不好,但她跳舞跳得很好。
4.class, lesson
class表示“(一节课两节课的)课”,指以四十(五十……)分钟为单位的课堂教学活动,也可指“(学校的)班级”或“全体学生”。如:
They have no classes on Sundays. 他们星期天不上课。
Class Four is a big class. 四班是一个大班。
lesson的意思是“课文”、“功课”或“(一节课两节课的)课”,着重指教学内容而言。作“课”解时可和class换用。如:
We have two English lessons/classes every day.
我们每天上两节英语课。
He has no lessons/classes on Sundays. 他星期天不上课。
She gives lessons in English. 她用英语讲课!
Please read Lesson Five. 请读第五课。
This book has 15 lessons. 这本书有十五课。
He often helps me with my lessons. 他常帮助我做功课。
注意:作“功课”解时,要用复数。
5.interesting, interested
interesting是“令人感兴趣的”之意,表示事物本身能使人产生兴趣。如:
The book is very interesting. 这本书很有趣。
Its an interesting story. 这是很有趣的故事。
interested常表示某人对某事物感兴趣,多用be interested in sth.句型。如:
She is interested in the story. 她对这个故事很感兴趣。
说明:源于同一动词的现在分词和过去分词被用作形容词时,一般都有这种区别,现在分词作形容词用时,表示事物本身具有“令人……”“使人……”之意,过去分词作形容词用时,表示主语对某事“感到……”。常见的还有exciting, excited; bored, boring; moving, moved等。修饰interesting用very,修饰interested用much, very much和very均可。
6.it, one
it所代替的是前面提到过的同一事物,而one所代替的是同类事物中的“一个”。如:
I need a bike but I have no money to buy one. 我需要一辆自行车,可没钱买。(one指的是任何一辆自行车,此处不能用it去代替,注意bike前用不定冠词a。)
I need the bike but I have no money to buy it. 我需要这辆自行车,可没钱买。(it特指上文的the bike,而不是别的自行车,此句中的it不能用one去代替,注意bike前用定冠词the。)
one只能代替可数名词,其复数形式是ones,而it既可以代替可数名词,也可以代替不可数名词。如:
This story is a true one. 这个故事是真实的。(句中的one代替可数名词story。)
The white dresses go with the hat better than the blue ones.
白色套装比蓝色套装更配这顶帽子。
(句中的ones代替上文的dresses。)
Look, there is a book on the floor. Please pick it up.
你瞧,地板上有一本书,请把它捡起来。
(句中的it代替上文的可数名词a book。)
May I borrow some money? I will give it back to you next week.
我可以借一些钱吗?下周我会把钱还给你。
(句中的it代替上文的不可数名词money。)
it通常不加修饰语,而one可以加上不同的修饰语。如:
This shirt is too big. Can you show me a smaller one?
这件衬衣太大了。能给我拿小一点的衬衣看一看吗?
7.like, love, enjoy
like意为“喜欢”、“爱好”。是普通用语,指对某人某事赞许或发生兴趣,并积极参加活动,不带感情色彩,语气较弱而冷静,后接名词、代词、动名词或不定式作宾语。如:
We all like English. (名词作宾语)我们都喜欢英语。
I like doing morning exercises every day.(动名词作宾语)
我喜欢每天做早操。
I like to play sports every day. (不定式作宾语)我喜欢每天运动。
love意为“爱好”、“爱”,在情感上比like强烈,表示深深的爱。如:
We love our country. 我们热爱祖国。
I love my parents. They love me, too. 我爱我的父母,他们也爱我。
love作“喜欢”讲时,可以接动名词或动词不定式作宾语。如:
I love to bike. 我喜欢骑自行车。
My brother loves playing/to play basketball. 我弟弟喜欢打篮球。
enjoy意为“喜爱”、“欣赏”、“享受”。指对某样东西或者某件事感觉愉快。广泛应用于从外界事物中得到喜悦,领略到乐趣。后接名词、代词等作宾语。不能接动词不定式。如:
We all enjoy the film very much. 我们都很欣赏那部电影。
I enjoy reading books. 我爱读书。
8.no, not
在否定可数名词单数时,no=not a;在否定可数名词复数或否定不可数名词时,no=not any。如:
I have no friend.=I dont have a friend. 我没有朋友。
There are no books on the table.=There are not any books on the table. 桌子上没有书。
There is no water in the cup.=There isnt any water in the cup.
茶杯里没有水。
no, not a, not any所表示的意义几乎一样,但它们在语气和意味上还存在着细微的差异,如:“我没有书”这句话,通常有以下几种译法:
I have no book.(泛泛而谈)
I dont have a book.(语气强,一个也没有)
I have no books.(泛泛而谈)
I dont have any books.(口语)
I havent got any books.(口语)
说明:no不能用于a, the, all, every等限制词之前,而not却可以。
9.health, healthy
health是名词,常用于“be in good (poor) health”“很(不)健康”短语。healthy是形容词,意思是“健康的,健壮的”。如:
Fresh air and exercise are good for health.
新鲜空气和运动有益于健康。
He was then in poor health. 当时他身体不好。
The children look very healthy. 孩子们看起来很健康。
10.dinner, meal
dinner意为“正餐”,指一天吃得比较好的或丰盛的一顿饭,一般在中午或晚上吃。如:
What time do you have dinner? 你们几点钟吃正餐?
She didnt invite him to have dinner with them.
她没有邀请他和她们一起吃饭。
这时的dinner用作抽象名词,一般不带冠词,但如果其前有修饰语时,往往要带不定冠词。如:
Dont call him while he is at dinner. 他吃饭时不要给他打电话。
We ate a good dinner. 我们吃了一顿美餐。
dinner还可作“宴会”解,这时用作可数名词。
They gave a dinner at the New World Hotel.
他们在新世界饭店举行了宴会。
meal意为“饭,便饭”,是一日三餐(包括breakfast, lunch, supper)的通称,用作可数名词,而breakfast, lunch, supper同dinner一样是不可数名词。如果其前面有修饰语时则要加不定冠词。如:
We have three meals a day. 我们一天吃三顿饭。
What would you like for breakfast? 早餐您喜欢吃点什么?
Have a good lunch. 吃一顿丰盛的午餐。