句子的种类

赵　博

1.句子的类型(Types of Sentences)

英语句子按结构分为：简单句、并列句和复合句等三种类型。

(1)简单句(The Simple Sentence)

由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫作简单句。例如:

I usually get up at six in the morning on weekdays.

在工作日，我一般在早上六点钟起床。

My sister and I didnt go skating last week.

上周，我和妹妹没有去滑冰。

Are you going to study and work in London?

你要去伦敦学习和工作吗？

(2)并列句(The Compound Sentence)

由并列连词(如and, but, or, so, yet)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子叫作并列句。例如:

She turned off the light and went out. 她关了灯，出去了。

Mona was ill, so we took her to the hospital.

莫娜病了，因此我们送她去了医院。

I like Spanish, but I need help.

我喜欢西班牙语，可是我需要人来帮我。

You can draw a good horse in five minutes, yet you kept me waiting for a year. 你能在五分钟内画好一匹马，却让我等了你一年。

(3)复合句(The Complex Sentence)

由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫作复合句。例如:

Ill tell him as soon as I see him. (状语从句)

我一看见他就告诉他。

She didnt come to the party because she was busy. (状语从句)

她因为很忙，所以没来参加聚会。

Hell go to see you if he has time. (状语从句)

他如果有空，会去看你的。

I dont think you can miss it. (宾语从句)

我想你不会看不见的。

The problem is that he wont return on time. (表语从句)

问题是他不能按时回来。

What surprised us most is a strange cup with three legs. (主语从句)

最使我们感到吃惊的是一个有三只脚的杯子。

The time Yang Lei spent as a volunteer was the best year of his life. (定语从句)

杨磊作为一名志愿者那段时光是他一生当中最好的时间。

延伸 含时间状语从句的复合句，既可以将状语从句放在主句之后(念降调)也可以将状语从句置于主句之前(念升调)，此时，从句和主句间加逗号。例如:

We were talking and laughing when the teacher came in.

(=When the teacher came in, we were talking and laughing.)

老师进来时，我们正在说笑。

应用 指出下列句子中的错误，并改正。

①Mr Li with his children have fun in the park.

②Because she was ill, so she didnt come to school.

③Come to my house if you will have time.

④The man asked how we thought of his car.

⑤Sorry, Ive no pen to write now.

⑥The car hit the tree and slow down.

解答 ①have→has 主语是Mr Li。

②去掉Because或者sobecause与so不能同时用于一个句子中。

③去掉will在条件状语从句中，将来的动作常用一般现在时表示。

④how→what 句型“what…think of”意思是“觉得……怎样”。

⑤write→write with 动词不定式to write with与被修饰词pen有逻辑上的动宾关系。

⑥slow→slowed 前后时态一致，句中hit是过去式。

2.状语从句(The Adverbial Clause)

在复合句中修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫作状语从句。状语从句根据它表达意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较(或方式)和条件等状语从句。

(1)时间状语从句

由when, before, after, while, until, as, as soon as等连词引导。

I went to bed after the TV play was over. 电视剧播完后我就睡了。

She has been here since she came to the school.

自从她上学，她就一直住在这儿。

As I was waiting, I suddenly heard a voice from above.

我正等的时候，突然从上面传来了声音。

Go straight until you come to a crossing. 笔直走，一直走到十字路口。

(2)条件状语从句

由if, unless等连词引导。

Ill go with you to the movies this afternoon if Im free.

今天下午我如果有空，我将与你一起去看电影。

Youll be late unless you hurry. 如果不赶快，你会迟到。

(3)原因状语从句

由because等连词引导。

The store wont be open today because theyre repairing.

商店今天不开业，因为在维修。

(4)目的状语从句

由so that, in order that等连词引导。

Speak loudly so that all of us can hear clearly.

大点声讲，以便我们大家都能听清楚。

(5)让步状语从句

由though, although等连词引导。

They were still working in the street though it was so hot.

天虽然这么热，但是他们仍然在大街上工作。

警示 英语中表示“虽然……但是……”不同于汉语，要么用连词though或although,要么用连词but。例如:

Though (Although) Lisa is young, she knows much Chinese.

(=Lisa is young, but she knows much Chinese.)

丽莎虽然年轻，但是知道不少汉语。

类似地，because也不与so同时用于一个句子中。

(6)比较(或方式)状语从句

由than, as…as, not as(so)…as等引导。

Our earth is bigger than the moon (is). 我们住的地球比月球大。

This story is as interesting as that one (is).

这个故事与那个故事一样有趣。

India is not so developed as the U.S.A. 印度不如美国发达。

应用 选择填空。

①What were you doing ____ Mum came in, Jenny?

A. since B. when C. while D. until

②____ you dont find the library book, youll have to pay for it.

A. If B. Unless C. After D. While

③____ I lose the library book, ____ Ill have to pay for it.

A. Because, so B. /, so C. If, / D. Though, but

④Do you think dancing is ____ funny ____ sports shows, Amy?

A. so, as B. as, so C. so, so D. as, as

⑤At that time the train ran slower than the carriage ____.

A. ran B. was C. did D. could

⑥Please be quick, ____ well miss the early bus.

A. and B. but C. so D. or

解答 ①B while引导的从句中不能用非持续性动词。

②A 表示假设关系。

③B A和D不正确，C项前后时态不一致，只能是B。

④D so…as只用于否定句，as…as可用于所有句型。

⑤C 此空要么不填，要么用did代替前文的动词ran。

⑥D or表示“否则”的意思。