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老年胃肠肿瘤病人围术期衰弱的研究进展

2025-02-07闫亚铃顾春红姜建玲王雪莲

护理研究 2025年2期
关键词:围术期并发症综述

摘要" 综述老年胃肠肿瘤病人衰弱发生率、老年胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人的术后不良结局、老年胃肠肿瘤病人的衰弱评估工具、老年胃肠肿瘤病人围术期衰弱的干预措施,以期为改善老年胃肠肿瘤病人围术期衰弱状态,制定切实、有效的围术期干预措施减少或消除衰弱对病人术后不良结局的影响提供参考。

关键词" 老年人;胃肠道肿瘤;围术期;衰弱;并发症;护理;综述

doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.02.025

作者简介 闫亚铃,护士,硕士研究生在读

通讯作者 顾春红,E⁃mail:13818505564@163.com

引用信息 闫亚铃,顾春红,姜建玲,等.老年胃肠肿瘤病人围术期衰弱的研究进展[J].护理研究,2025,39(2):333⁃338.

Research progress on perioperative frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors

YAN Yaling1, GU Chunhong2*, JIANG Jianling2, WANG Xuelian1

1.Jiangnan University Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangsu 214122 China; 2.Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine

*Corresponding Author" GU Chunhong, E⁃mail: 13818505564@163.com

Abstract""" This paper reviewed the incidence of frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,the postoperative adverse outcomes of frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,the assessment tools of frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,and the interventions for perioperative frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors.It's aimed at improving the perioperative frailty in elderly patients with gastrointestinal tumors,and developing effective perioperative interventions to reduce or eliminate the impact of frailty on postoperative adverse outcomes of patients.

Keywords""" elderly people; gastrointestinal tumors; perioperative period; frailty; complication; nursing; review

在全球老龄化趋势不断加速的背景下,老年胃肠肿瘤病人手术比例不断增高,尽管手术、麻醉技术不断进步,但老年胃肠肿瘤手术病人的术后不良结局发生风险仍然较高。衰弱是老年人生理储备下降导致机体易损性增加、抗应激能力减退的非特异性临床状态[1],是术后发生不良结局的重要危险因素。现就老年胃肠肿瘤病人衰弱发生率、老年胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人的术后不良结局、老年胃肠肿瘤病人的衰弱评估工具、老年胃肠肿瘤病人围术期衰弱的干预措施进行综述,以期为临床工作者和研究者制定切实、有效的围术期干预措施提供参考。

1" 老年胃肠肿瘤病人衰弱发生率

老年胃肠肿瘤病人随着年龄增长,身体机能下降,加之免疫衰老、炎症、与年龄相关的慢性疾病、外部环境、心理社会因素以及癌症本身及其治疗等的影响,更易发生衰弱[2]。2020年全球癌症统计数据显示,结直肠癌和胃癌分别是全球第3位常见癌症和第5位常见癌症,也是癌症病人死亡的第2位常见因素和第4位常见因素[3]。胃癌病人中,年龄gt;60岁者比例高达70.8%,约60%的结直肠癌病人年龄gt;65岁[4]。衰弱在结直肠癌病人中发生率高达60.5%[5],在胃癌病人中高达43.8%[6]。术前衰弱会增加老年胃肠手术病人的不良结局,导致死亡率和再入院率增高[7⁃9]、生活质量降低、住院时间延长、住院费用增加[10⁃11]。及时的干预和管理能够有效预防衰弱发生,改善衰弱状况。

2" 老年胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人的术后不良结局

2.1 衰弱与并发症

手术本身就是一件应激事件[12],而衰弱则会进一步增加病人术后不良结局发生。多项研究证明,老年胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人术后短期及长期并发症发生率增加[13⁃14],其发生率gt;50%[15]。衰弱是结肠切除术后吻合口瘘发生的独立危险因素,与无吻合口瘘的病人相比,衰弱病人更易因吻合口瘘或其他并发症死亡[16]。Gong等[17]研究显示,衰弱病人胃肠道功能延迟恢复概率更大,出现肠梗阻等并发症的风险更高。衰弱是老年病人胃肠术后并发症发生的独立危险因素[18]。可见,衰弱作为重要的预测指标,可以更好地帮助病人管理和减少术后并发症的发生。

2.2 衰弱与住院时间和生存率

衰弱会使老年胃肠肿瘤病人死亡率增高、住院时间延长。一项Meta分析结果显示,术前存在衰弱的结直肠癌病人短期和长期预后均较差,衰弱病人的总死亡率比非衰弱病人高2~3倍,住院时间长于非衰弱病人[19]。Parmar等[20]研究发现,衰弱程度越高,病人术后死亡率越高,住院时间越长。Jeong等[21]对231例胃癌病人进行衰弱评估和死亡率预测,得出衰弱前期病人的死亡率为20.7%,衰弱病人的死亡率为20.0%。Lu等[22]研究表明,衰弱是预测术后生存率的重要指标。可见,衰弱与术后住院时间、短期及长期生存率密切相关,应及时对衰弱病人进行管理与干预,从而缩短术后住院时间,提高生存率。

2.3 衰弱与生活质量

生活质量是癌症治疗的终点评价指标之一[23]。已有研究结果显示,衰弱会影响病人术后生活质量[24],导致残疾率增加[25]。Montroni等[13]研究表明,术前美国东部肿瘤协作组(ECOG)评分≥2分(体力状态较差)是直肠癌病人术后3个月生活质量下降的有力预测因子。故需提高对老年胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人术后生活质量的关注。

3" 老年胃肠肿瘤病人衰弱的评估工具

3.1 Fried衰弱表型(FFP)

FFP是常用的衰弱评估工具,其于2001年由Fried等[1]编制,病人存在体力活动减少、自述疲乏、握力降低、体重下降、步速缓慢5种表现中的至少3种表现判定为衰弱,存在1种或2种表现判定为衰弱前期,不存在任何表现判定为无衰弱。该量表既涉及病人的主观感受,又涉及客观测量结果,因此在临床上应用广泛。同时,该量表将衰弱作为临床事件的前驱状态,可独立预测跌倒、行走能力下降、日常生活能力受损情况,便于采取措施预防不良事件的发生[26]。Hogan等[27]使用FFP对42例年龄≥65岁的胃肠手术病人衰弱状态进行分析,结果显示该量表可以准确反映病人的衰弱程度,且能预测老年胃肠道疾病病人术后并发症的发生情况。

3.2 衰弱指数(Frailty Index, FI)

FI由Mitnitski等[28]根据加拿大健康和老龄化研究(CSHA)结果研发,是病人存在的健康缺陷与基于缺陷累积理论的所有测量变量的比率,最初包含70个变量,涵盖身体功能、临床结果、实验室指标、营养摄入、认知筛查、社会支持等多方面内容,对衰弱病人评估时具有较强的特异性。但由于评估内容较多且耗时较长,在临床上不易操作,因此,有学者根据CSHA与美国外科医师学会国家外科质量改进计划(NSQIP)对FI进行修正,形成包含11个变量的mFI⁃11和包含5个变量的 mFI⁃5[29⁃30]。Vermillion等[18]对41 455例老年胃肠道癌症病人的术后结局进行预测得出,高mFI⁃11评分与胃肠道癌症手术病人的住院时间延长、术后并发症发生和30 d死亡率密切相关。

3.3 其他评估工具

临床衰弱量表(CFS)、衰弱量表(FS)、埃德蒙顿衰弱量表(EFS)等也可用于老年胃肠手术病人的衰弱评估。CFS以病人的日常活动能力和疾病等级为依据,对病人的衰弱程度进行分级,其设计内容相对侧重病人的临床状态,对评估人员的专业性要求较高[31]。FS内容简单明了,不需要测量设备和复杂的计算,因此被广泛用于临床,但其也存在缺少客观指标的不足[32]。EFS评估简单便捷,但评估内容较为主观且不适用于疾病急性期病人[33]。在选择衰弱评估工具时应根据量表内容、评估条件及病人疾病特征综合考虑。

4" 老年胃肠肿瘤病人围术期衰弱的干预措施

4.1 运动锻炼

运动锻炼安全性高、成本低且获益明显,对预防和改善衰弱状态具有重要意义。但由于衰弱病人的身体状态、所处社会环境以及个人习惯不同,关于衰弱病人运动锻炼的具体指南尚未形成。目前,针对老年胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人的运动锻炼方法包括有氧运动、抗阻运动、平衡训练、柔韧性运动、虚拟运动训练和多组分运动干预。其中,多组分运动干预是指衰弱运动干预过程中不局限于某一种运动的干预手段[34]。多项研究表明,多组分运动干预比单一运动干预在改善胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人躯体功能状态、生活质量等方面更具优势[35⁃36]。Macías⁃Valle等[37]研究结果显示,与常规护理相比,在结直肠癌手术前后应用多组分运动干预对提高老年结直肠癌手术病人的生活质量、改善病人身体功能有额外益处。Wada等[38]对接受胃癌手术的衰弱病人进行研究发现,多组分运动干预可以改善病人术后结局,减少严重并发症的发生。国际衰弱与肌肉减少症研究会议(ICFSR)建议,将多组分运动干预作为治疗衰弱的主要疗法[39]。可见,多组分运动干预是预防或改善老年胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人的有效干预措施。

4.2 营养支持

营养不良是衰弱的危险因素之一[6],营养不良及其导致的肌蛋白合成减少和肌肉组织的特殊变化等,会进一步促进衰弱的发生和发展。大多数胃肠道肿瘤病人就诊时处于疾病进展期,机体吸收不良、恶性肿瘤消耗、营养摄入不足及胃肠道功能减弱等会造成其机体出现营养不良症状,从而导致或加重衰弱。已有研究表明,衰弱状态动态可逆,合适的营养支持有可能延缓甚至逆转衰弱[40]。地中海饮食模式是预防衰弱的有效措施[41],此外,补充维生素D以及钙、蛋白质和热量也很重要。国外研究组建议,老年衰弱病人的最佳蛋白质摄入量为1.0~1.2 g/(kg·d)[42],老年人的平均静息能量消耗为25 kcal/(kg·d),如果考虑正常的体力活动,这一消耗可增加为32.5 kcal(kg·d)[43]。我国专家共识提出,对处于稳定期的老年恶性肿瘤病人,推荐总能量摄入为25~30 kcal/kg,蛋白质目标摄入量为1.2~1.5 g/kg,肾功能正常的病人蛋白质目标摄入量可提高至2.0 g/kg[44]。但不同的病人具体情况存在差异,故还需根据病人具体情况由营养科医师制定详细的营养支持方案。

4.3 心理干预

焦虑和抑郁在老年胃肠手术病人中较常见[45⁃46]。近年来,研究者对老年胃肠肿瘤病人的精神和心理状态关注越来越多[47]。已有研究表明,衰弱可降低病人的自我控制能力,增加病人心理负担,心理负担加大会引起焦虑[48];反之,焦虑也可通过破坏神经体液调节降低病人的治疗依从性,损害胃肠道功能,从而增加衰弱风险[49]。Renna等[50]研究发现,结直肠癌病人抑郁和焦虑症状严重程度与炎症加剧相关。Li等[51]研究发现,老年胃肠肿瘤手术病人的焦虑和抑郁会导致其术后死亡率增加,且术前焦虑与术后疼痛呈正相关等[52]。提示医务人员应重视老年胃肠肿瘤手术病人的心理状态,早期识别与干预病人的不良心理,注意干预时间和内容的科学性,健全老年人健康体系;家属或照顾者应多陪伴病人,培养病人的兴趣爱好,鼓励病人参加社会活动等。

4.4 认知干预

年龄增长不仅会导致身体衰弱,还会导致认知功能下降[53],衰弱与认知障碍密切相关,老年病人术后认知障碍发生率增加[54],可能会导致抑郁发生以及躯体活动能力下降等,进一步导致衰弱发生[55]。手术应激和炎症均可能导致老年胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人术后认知障碍发生[56]。为预防或减少术后认知障碍发生,应在病人入院时对其进行认知功能筛查[57],常用的筛查工具为简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)。应对认知障碍初筛阳性的病人进行就医指导并鼓励其参加认知训练,常包括记忆训练、手工制作、计算能力训练、电子游戏、虚拟现实技术、经颅电磁刺激、运动训练等,需对认知障碍初筛阴性的病人加强健康教育,引导病人重视认知功能的重要性。

4.5 口腔健康管理

2016年,世界牙科联盟发布关于口腔健康的定义,指不仅有说话、微笑、闻味、品尝、接触、咀嚼、吞咽以及通过面部表情传达一系列情绪的能力,而且不存在颅面复合体疾病、不适和疼痛[58]。已有研究表明,老年人的衰弱与口腔健康间存在相关性[59], 口腔健康下降可能导致口腔无力感增加以及咀嚼和吞咽障碍[60],咀嚼功能越差,老年人衰弱发生率越高[61];同时,吞咽障碍和营养不良也相互影响,吞咽障碍可导致或加重营养不良[62],缺乏营养又可加重衰弱或吞咽障碍[63]。目前,我国临床护理人员对口腔健康和衰弱的认知不足,老年人对口腔健康的保健意识弱,关于老年胃肠肿瘤衰弱病人口腔健康管理的措施不够完善,现有措施主要为鼓励病人保持口腔清洁、指导病人选择合适的餐具、调整饮食结构、进行简单的口腔功能训练等[64⁃65]。胃癌病人术中会留置鼻肠管,留置鼻肠管会减弱食管下端括约肌功能,增加反流风险,反流物进入口腔易引起误吸和吸入性肺炎等术后并发症发生,因此需重视这类病人的口腔健康管理,以预防衰弱和术后并发症的发生。

4.6 基于老年综合评估的(CGA)管理措施

CGA是一个多学科诊断过程,评估医学、功能、心理和社会能力,最终评估衰弱状态和各种老年综合征[66]。存在衰弱的病人需进行定期评估,评估内容常包括一般情况评估、躯体功能状态评估、营养评估、精神心理状态评估、疼痛评估、口腔健康评估、睡眠评估、社会支持评估、多重用药评估等;根据评估内容对病人实施个性化的干预措施有利于预防和管理衰弱发生。近年来,通过CGA识别和管理衰弱病人已受到越来越多的关注。一项研究对340例结直肠癌手术衰弱病人实施基于CGA的管理,结果表明,衰弱老年人预后改善[67]。基于CGA的管理措施能为病人提供个性化护理,更精确、有效地管理衰弱,还可以提高病人依从性,但这种模式耗时长且需要多学科团队合作,在老年病房应用较多,在外科病房应用相对较少。

5" 小结

目前,关于老年胃肠肿瘤手术病人的衰弱发生率以及衰弱对该类病人的影响研究较多,研究重点已逐步转移至衰弱的预防和管理方面,但大多数研究侧重于老年胃肠肿瘤手术衰弱病人的术前管理,关于病人术中及术后衰弱的管理研究较少。此外,临床工作人员和病人对衰弱的认知不足,缺乏从衰弱管理者角度对老年胃肠手术病人的质性研究,针对老年胃肠手术病人的衰弱评估工具尚不明确,也未形成对这类病人的标准化衰弱干预方案。今后需结合实际情况构建适用于我国病人的标准管理方案和评估工具,以改善该类病人围术期的衰弱状态,减少或消除衰弱对该类病人术后不良结局的影响。

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(收稿日期:2023-12-09;修回日期:2024-11-21)

(本文编辑 陈琼)

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