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论快乐On Happiness

2025-01-16钱锺书/王维东/译注

英语世界 2025年1期
关键词:肉体人生观焦点

在旧书铺里买回来维尼(Vigny)的《诗人日记》(Journald’unpoéte),信手翻开,就看见有趣的一条。他说,在法语里,喜乐(bonheur)一个名词是“好”和“钟点”两字拼成,可见好事多磨,只是个把钟头的玩意儿(Silebonheurn’étaitqu’unebonnedénie!)。我们联想到我们本国话的说法,也同样的意味深永,譬如快活或快乐的快字,就把人生一切乐事的飘瞥难留,极清楚地指示出来。所以我们又概[慨]叹说:“欢娱嫌夜短!”因为人在高兴的时候,活得太快,一到困苦无聊,愈觉得1日脚像跛了似的,走得特别慢。德语的沉闷(langweile)一词,据字面上直译,就是“长时间”的意思。《西游记》里小猴子对孙行者说:“天上一日,下界一年。”这种神话,确反映着人类的心理。

WhenIcasuallyopenedJournald’unpoéte(TheDiaryofaPoet)byFrenchpoetVigny,whichIhadboughtfromasecondhandbookstore,Ifoundoneentryparticularlyinteresting.Inthatentry,hewrotethattheFrenchnoun“bonheur”consistsof“bon-,”meaning“fine,”and“-heur,”meaning“hour.”Thisetymologicalclueremindsmeoftheproverbialsaying“Goodthingsnevercomeeasy,”orintheFrenchwayofputtingit,“Silebonheurn’étaitqu’unebonneheur!(=Wasn’thappinessjustonegoodhourspent?)”Someexpressionsinourownlanguage,too,carryequallyprofoundimplications.Thecharacter快asin快活or快乐,forexample,clearlyrevealsthetransiencyofallpleasantthingsinlife.Thuswesaywithasigh:“Thedawningofthedayistheverykillerofhappiness.”Thisisquitetrue,forwhenapersonishappy,timepassesveryswiftlyforhim,andwhenindistressorboredom,hewillfeelasifhisdayshavebecome“lame,”trudgingonveryslowly.TheGermanword“langweile,”ifliterallytranslatedintoEnglish,means“alongtime.”InJourneyingWest,anovelbyMing-dynastyauthorWuCheng’en,alittlemonkeyexclaimstotheMonkeyKing:“Asingledayinparadiseequalsawholeyearonearth!”Thismythreallyshowshumans’psychologicalaptitude.

天上比人间舒服欢乐,所以神仙活得快,人间一年在天上只当一日过。从此类推,地狱里比人间更痛苦,日子一定愈加难度;段成式《酉阳杂俎》就说:“鬼言三年,人间三日。”嫌人生短促的人,真是最快活的人;反过来说,真快活的人,不管活到多少岁死,只能算是短命夭折。所以,做神仙也并不值得,在凡间已经三十年做了一世的人,在天上还是个未满月的小孩。但是这种“天算”,也有占便宜的地方:譬如戴君孚《广异记》载崔参军捉狐妖,“以桃枝决五下”,长孙无忌说罚得太轻,崔答:“五下是人间五百下,殊非小刑。”可见卖老祝寿等等,在地上最为相宜2,而刑罚呢,应该到天上去受。

Paradiseiscozyandjoyful,sothegodspasstheirtimemuchfasterthere.Awholeyearspentonearthisequivalenttoonedayinparadise.Hell,bycontrast,ispainfulandunbearable.InAJumbledCollectionofGhostTalesfromYouyang,aTang-dynastyliterarypublication,DuanChengshiwrote:“Whatghostsrefertoasthreeyearsisinfactonlythreedaysinsecularterms.”Thosewhoabhorthebrevityofhumanlifearereallythehappiestlot.Ontheotherhand,anypersonisshort-livedifheistrulyhappy.Thus,beingimmortalisnotsoworthwhile.Ahumanwhohasalreadylivedthirtyyearsonearthisnotyetonemontholdifhedwellsinparadise.Butsucha“divine”calculationdoeshaveitsmerits.TakeTang-dynastywriterDaiFu’swork,AWide-rangingRecordofStrangeHappenings,forexample.WhenthemilitaryadvisorsurnamedCuicatchesthewomanizingfox-spiritanddecidestogiveitfivelasheswithapeachbranch,ZhangsunWuji,whosebelovedwifehasbeenrepeatedlyseducedbythefox,complainsthatthepunishmentistoolenient.Cui’sreplyis:“Thesefivelashesareequaltofivehundredinaworldofhumans.Nottoosoftatall.”Fromthisstory,itcanbeseenthatanelderlypersonbraggingabouthisseniorityorfriendsandfamilycelebratinghisbirthdayisanagreeablethingtodoonlyonearth.Asforthematterofpunishment,thatcanbelefttoheaven’sdevices.

“永远快乐”这句话,不但渺茫得不能实现,并且荒谬得不能成立。快过的决不会永久;我们说永远快乐,正好像说四方的圆形,静止的动作同样地自相矛盾。在高兴的时候,我们空对瞬息即逝的时间喊着说:“逗留一会儿罢!你太美了!”那有什么用?你要永久,你该向痛苦里去找。不讲别的,只要一个失眠的晚上,或者有约不来的下午,或者一课沉闷的听讲——这许多,比一切宗教信仰更有效力,能使你尝到什么叫做“永生”的滋味。人生的刺,就在这里,留恋着不肯快走的,偏是你所不留恋的东西。

Hardasweprayforeternalbliss,thatstateofbeingissoremoteastobeunattainableandsoabsurdastobesimplynonexistent.Whatistransientcannotlastlong.Saying“happyforever”isasparadoxicalasmentioninga“squarecircle”ora“motionlessmovement.”Somepeoplelovebeggingahappyfleetingmoment:“Stayawhile,please!You’resobeautiful!”Butwhatgoodisthat?Ifyoucraveeternity,lookforitamidstpain—asleeplessnight,afriend’sfailuretofulfillanafternoonappointmentwithyou,orhavingtositoutaboringlecture.Allthisismorepotenteventhanreligiousfaith,allowingyoutoactuallyexperiencethetasteof“eternity.”Thethornypartaboutlifeis:whatrefusestogoawayisusuallywhatyouhatetohave.

快乐在人生里,好比引诱小孩子吃药的方糖,更像跑狗场里引诱狗赛跑的电兔子。几分钟或者几天的快乐赚我们活了一世,忍受着许多痛苦。我们希望它来,希望它留,希望它再来——这三句话概括了整个人类努力的历史。在我们追求和等候的时候,生命又不知不觉地偷度过去。也许我们只是时间消费的筹码,活了一世不过是为那一世的岁月充当殉葬品,根本不会想到快乐。但是我们到死也不明白是上了当,我们还理想死后有个天堂,在那里——谢上帝,也有这一天!我们终于享受到永远的快乐。你看,快乐的引诱,不仅像电兔子和方糖,使我们忍受了人生,而且仿佛钓钩上的鱼饵,竟使我们甘心去死。这样说来,人生虽痛苦,却不悲观,因为它终抱着快乐的希望;现在的账,我们预支了将来去付。为了快活,我们甚至于愿意慢死。

Happinesscanbecomparedtothesugarcubeusedtolurechildrenintotakingsomemedicine,ormoreaptlytotheelectricalrabbitusedonadog-tracktomakegreyhoundsjoinarace.Eitheroftheseusesafewhappymomentsordaystogetustoliveawholelonglifeandtoenduremanyhardships.Weallhopethathappinesswillcome,stayforlongandcomebackagain.Thisbestoutlinestheentirehistoryofhumaneffort.Duringourquestandwaiting,lifekeepswearingon3inspiteofitself.Perhapswearebutchipsboughtbytimeforitsownconsumption.Inspendingalifetimeonlytoserveasitssacrificialobjects,wehardlyeverthinkofhappiness.However,wewillnotbeabletosee,evenwhenwearedying,thatwehavebeenfooled.Weevenfancythatthereisthenaparadisewhere,thankstoGod,wecanatlastsharethejoyofbeingimmortal!Happinessasalureisnotonlylikeanelectricalrabbitorasugarcube,enablingustoputupwithourrespectivelives,butlikebaitonafishinglineaswell,forwhichwearewillingtodie.Thus,despitelife’spainfulness,weneverbecomepessimisticbecausewestillcherishahope.Weoverdrawourfuturetopayofftoday’sdebts.Tobehappy,we’dratherriskdyingslowly.

穆勒曾把“痛苦的苏格拉底”和“快乐的猪”比较。假使猪真知道快活,那么猪和苏格拉底也相去无几了。猪是否能快乐得像人,我们不知道;但是人会容易满足得像猪,我们是常看见的。把快乐分肉体的和精神的两种,这是最糊涂的分析。一切快乐的享受都属于精神的,尽管快乐的原因是肉体上的物质刺激。小孩子初生了下来,吃饱了奶就乖乖地睡,并不知道什么是快活,虽然它身体感觉舒服。缘故是小孩子时的精神和肉体还没有分化,只是混沌的星云状态。洗一个澡,看一朵花,吃一顿饭,假使你觉得快活,并非全因为澡洗得干净,花开得好,或者菜合你口味,主要因为你心上没有挂碍,轻松的灵魂可以专注肉体的感觉,来欣赏,来审定。要是你精神不痛快,像将离别时的宴席,随它怎样烹调得好,吃来只是土气息,泥滋味。那时刻的灵魂,仿佛害病的眼怕见阳光,撕去皮的伤口怕接触空气,虽然空气和阳光都是好东西。快乐时的你一定心无愧怍。假如你犯罪而真觉快乐,你那时候一定和有道德、有修养的人同样心安理得。有最洁白的良心,跟全没有良心或有最漆黑的良心,效果是相等的。

JohnStuartMilloncecompareda“sufferingSocrates”anda“happyhog.”Supposingahogwerereallyawarethatitishappy,itwouldbealmostaswiseasSocrates.Whetherhogsarehappylikehumans,wedon’tquiteknow.Butweoftenseethathumansareaseasilysatisfiedashogs.Dividinghappinessintothephysicalandspiritualtypesisthemoststupidthingdonesofar.Thefeelingofpleasureispurelyspiritual,althoughtheimmediatecauseofthatfeelingmayhavebeenastimulanttotheflesh.Anewbornchildquietlygoesbacktosleepprovidedhehashadenough,notknowingwhatitistobehappy.Hisorheronlysensationisthatofbodilycomfort.Thisisbecauseaninfantlivesinanundifferentiatedstate;heorsheresemblesanebulousmass.Iftakingabath,watchingafloweroreatingadinnermakesyouhappy,thatisnotentirelybecauseyouhavewashedyourselfclean,theflowerisbeautifulorthefoodisdelicious.Rather,youfeelhappybecauseyouarecarefree,makingitpossibletofocusonhowyourbodyfeelswhiletakingjoyandmulling.Ifyouareinalousymood,likeatafarewellfeast,nomatterhowgoodthefoodis,itwillonlytastelikemudordirt.Atsuchamoment,yoursoulissovulnerableassickeyestothesunshineoranexposedwoundtotheair,althoughtheythemselvesareotherwisesoul’sdesirablemates.Whenhappy,yourheartissurelydevoidofallguilt.Ifyouareacriminalyetstillfeelhappy,yousurelyfeelthesameasthosemorallycultivatedpersonswithaclearconscience.Intermsofactualeffect,aperfectlyclearconscienceisthesameasamostguiltyconscienceortheblackestofhearts.

发现了快乐由精神来决定,人类文化又进一步4。发现这个道理,和发现是非善恶取决于公理而不取决于暴力,一样重要。公理发现以后,从此世界上没有可被武力完全屈服的人。发现了精神是一切快乐的根据,从此痛苦失掉它们的可怕,肉体减少了专制。精神的炼金术能使肉体痛苦都变成快乐的资料。于是,烧了房子,有庆贺的人;一箪食,一瓢饮,有不改其乐的人;千灾百毒,有谈笑自若的人。

Sohappinessisdeterminedbyspiritualratherthanphysicalfactors.Thisdiscoveryfurtheradvanceshumanculture.Itisasimportantasthetruthalreadyrecognizedearlieron,thatrightandwrong,goodandevildependonjustice,notonviolence.Sincethen,theworldhasceasedtosuccumbtodespoticconquerorscompletely.Likewise,sincethespiritwasfoundtobethesourceofallhappiness,painhaslostitshorribleaspectandthefleshisnolongerdominant.Spiritualalchemyturnsallsufferingofthefleshintoafuelforhappiness.Thustherearethosewhocelebratetheburningdownoftheirhouses,remainhappydespitelivinginhumbleconditionsorconductthemselvesjustasgracefullyinthefaceofadversity.

所以我们前面说,人生虽不快乐,而仍能乐观。譬如从写《先知书》的所罗门直到做《海风》诗的马拉梅(Mallarmé),都觉得文明人的痛苦,是身体困倦。但是偏有人能苦中作乐,从病痛里滤出快活来,使健康的消失有种赔偿。苏东坡诗就说:“因病得闲殊不恶,安心是药更无方。”王丹麓《今世说》也记毛稚黄善病,人以为忧,毛曰:“病味亦佳,第不堪为躁热人道耳!”在着重体育的西洋,我们也可以找着同样达观的人。工愁善病的诺凡利斯(Novalis)在《碎金集》里建立一种病的哲学,说病是“教人学会休息的女教师”。罗登巴煦(Rodenbach)的诗集《禁锢的生活》(LesViesEncloses)里有专咏病味的一卷,说病是“灵魂的洗涤(puration)”。身体结实、喜欢活动的人采用了这个观点,就对病痛也感到另有风味。顽健粗壮的十八世纪德国诗人白洛柯斯(B.H.Brockes)第一次害病,觉得是一个“可惊异的大发现(EinebewunderungswürdigeErfindung)”。对于这种人,人生还有什么威胁?这种快乐,把忍受变为享受,是精神对于物质的最大胜利。灵魂可以自主——同时也许是自欺。能一贯抱这种态度的人,当然是大哲学家,但是谁知道他不也是个大傻子?是的,这有点矛盾。矛盾是智慧的代价。这是人生对于人生观开的玩笑5。

That’swhyImentionedabovethat,althoughlifeishard,itisfullofhope.Forexample,Solomon,theauthorofProphets,andStéphaneMallarmé,thepoetwhowroteBriseMarine(SeaWind),bothheldthatcivilizedhumanssufferbecausetheirbodiesarepronetofatigue.Butsomepeopleneverlosetheirabilitytoenjoylifethoughhardup,derivinghappinessfromillnessandhardship.Thiscompensatesmuchforthelossofhealth.SuShi’spoeticlines,“leisureduetoillnessisnotacurse,andpeaceofmindisamedicinewithoutprescription,”conveyprettymuchthesamemessage.IntheLiterarySketchesofthePresentErabyQing-dynastyauthorWangZhuo,MaoZhihuangoftenfallsillandpeoplevoicetheirconcernaboutthis.InresponseMaosays:“Howsweetitistogetsick!ButIwillnotbothertoexplainthisfeelingtoanimpatientperson.”IntheWestwheresportsareverypopular,manypeople,too,takeillnessstoically.Novalis,forexample,foundedaphilosophyaboutillnessinhispoeticworkFragmente,callingit“aschool-mistresswhoteachesushowtolearntorest.”Rodenbachdevotedawhole,illness-relatedvolumetohiscollectionofpoemsLesViesEncloses,sayingthatillnessisasortof“puration(purification).”Robustandathleticmenacceptthisview;theybelievethatanoccasionalillnessaddsflavortolife.WhenB.H.Brockes,anenergeticandstout18th-centuryGermanpoet,fellillforthefirsttimeinhislife,hewassurehehadmadeanamazingdiscovery(“EinebewunderungswürdigeErfindung!”).Forpeoplelikehim,whatcanposeathreat?Suchhappinesstransformsenduranceintoenjoyment,atriumphofthespiritovertheflesh!Thespiritisitsownboss—butthiscanbeamereillusion.Amanwhoadoptssuchanattitudemustbeagreatphilosopher.Butwhoknowsifheisn’tjustanotherbigfool?Yes,itsoundsquitelikeaparadox.Paradoxicalityisapricetobepaidinexchangeforwisdom.Thisisaprankwhichlifeplaysonasolemnviewoflife.

1“活得太快,一到困苦无聊,愈觉得”:如果把原文主语补全,应当是“他活得太快”“他愈觉得”。但如果按原文句子结构直译,会有两个he接连出现在译文中,行文显得呆板。鉴于此,前一句译文处理成“Timepasses…forhim,”把原本的行为主体him放到句尾介词之后;而后一句译文才是“hewillfeel…”,行为主体回到了主语的位置,由此带来更活泼的行文变化。

2“在地上最为相宜”:原文强调的是“最”,而译文强调的是onlyonearth中的only。为了跟下文heaven形成对照,译文的信息焦点应当落在onearth上。一个英语句子应只含一个(而不是多个)信息焦点,因为多焦点等于无焦点。一旦认定onlyonearth是信息焦点,句中其他成分就不该是焦点。

3wearingon的大意是“捱日子”。整个第四段说的是用短暂的快乐换取人对漫长苦难人生的接受,即“虽不满意但也认了”。wearingon暗示了这层意思。

4“又进一步”暗示“发现是非善恶取决于公理而不取决于暴力”在先,“发现了快乐由精神来决定”在后,所以有了译文中的“already…earlieron”。

5“人生对于人生观开的玩笑”:因为这一段强调paradoxicality(自相矛盾),所以译文应尽量凑出一个相反相成的对子:人生观一副宝相庄严的模样,而人生却偏要用打趣的方式,揭破这一庄严的表象,直抵表象背后的荒唐本质。

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