Spring Festival: The Chinese New Year中国的新年:春节
2025-01-16阮京晶凯瑟琳·夏伯特/孙力/译
AsthemosttraditionalandcelebratedholidayinChineseculture,thelunarnewyear(alsoknownastheSpringFestival)isnotonlyatimetocelebratethebeginningofspringbutalsoanoccasionforfamilyreunion.InChina,awiderangeofcelebrationactivitieswillbestagedfortwoweeks:fireworks,firecrackers,festivaldecorationsandavarietyofshows.
农历新年(也称春节)作为中国文化里最传统且庆祝最为隆重的节日,不仅是庆祝春天开始的时间节点,也是家庭团聚的时候。在中国,形形色色的庆祝活动会在两周的时间里一一展开:燃放烟花爆竹、布置节庆装饰,以及举办各种各样的表演。
FamilytimeisofutmostimportanceinChineseculture.Therun-uptonewyear’seveisusuallyspenttravelling,witheverybodyheadingtotheirhometownsforfamilyreunion.Housesandflatswillgetadeepcleaninreadinessforafreshyearahead(havingtosweeptheflooronnewyear’sdayistabooandassociatedwithsweepinggoodluckandwealthaway).
在中国文化里,阖家共度的时光最为重要。除夕前的时间通常花在路上:每个人都要赶回家乡与家人团聚。房子和公寓要做大扫除,准备好迎接新的一年(新年第一天扫地可是禁忌,被认为会扫走好运和财富)。
EveryfamilywillhavealonglistoffestivalnecessitiestobuyforChinesenewyear,includinglotsofreddecorations,newyearoutfitsandgifts.Festivaldecorationswillbehungup,suchasredpaper-cutsonwindows,andspringcoupletsandbannersondoors.Guardinggodsposterswillbepastedonentrancegatesforsafeguarding.Fireworksandfirecrackerswillbesetofftoscareawayevilspiritsandtosignalthestartofasafeandprosperousnewyear.
每个家庭都会列出长长的春节购物清单,必买的物品包括大量的红色装饰、过年的衣装和礼物。节日装饰要贴挂起来,比如窗花(窗户上贴的红色剪纸)和春联(门上贴的对联加横批)。大门要张贴门神的画像以祈求平安。人们要燃放烟花和爆竹以驱逐邪祟,昭示一个安全又富足的新年伊始。
Redisconsideredthecolourofluck.Oncethenewyeararrives,newredoutfitsareworntovisitrelativesandfriends,toexchangeblessingsandgifts.Duringthesevisits,childrenwillgetredpaperenvelopesfilledwithcashnotes,symbolisingthatbadluckisdrivenawayandgoodfortuneispassedon.Apartfromvisitinglovedones,peoplealsovisittemplestoworshipancestorsandprayforhealth,success,fortuneandabetteryear.
红色被认为是幸运色。过年那几天,人们会穿红色的新衣走亲访友,相互拜年和交换礼物。孩子们会在拜年时得到红包(装有现钞的红色信封),象征驱逐噩运、传递好运。除了拜访亲朋好友,人们也会去寺庙祭祀祖先并祈求健康、成功、财富和更上层楼的一年。
Whatdopeopleeat?
过年吃什么?
Foodalsoplaysacrucialpartinthesecelebrationsandsomedishesbelievedtobringluckwillalwaysbeprepared—whattheyarevariesgreatlyacrossChina.
在这些庆祝活动中,食物也是不可或缺的部分,人们总会准备一些被认为带来好运的菜肴——这些菜肴的品类在中国各地差异很大。
Fishisamustasitisoftenseenasan“extra”,symbolisingabundance.Stickyricecakewillalsobeafavourite,andthisisbecausethewordinChinesesoundslike“yearhigh”,meaninghigherincomeandpromotion.Orangesareconsideredluckyasthewordsoundslike“lucky”inChinese.
鱼必不可少,因其谐音“余”,象征丰足。年糕也很受欢迎,因其中文发音与“年高”一样,意味着收入更高和职位晋升。桔子被认为吉利,因其发音类似中文的“吉”。
Thereare,however,somedifferencesdependingonwhereyouare.InnorthernChina,peopleliketoeatdumplingsastheyarethoughttoresemblegoldingots.WhereasinsouthernChina,youaremorelikelytohaveping-pongshapedstickyriceballswithsweetfillingsasitsoundslikethewordfor“togetherness”.It’salsocommontohaveatrayofsweetsoraplatterofbite-sizedtreatssymbolisingreunionandtogetherness.
不同地方也存在差异。在中国北方,人们喜欢吃饺子,因为饺子的形状被认为像金元宝。而在中国南方,你更可能吃到汤圆(乒乓球状的甜馅糯米球),因其发音像“团圆”。象征重聚和团圆的一盘糖果或一口一块的点心拼盘也很常见。
Onnewyear’seve,waitingformidnight,familyandrelativeswillenjoyeatingtogether,playinggameslikemahjong,andwatchingtheSpringFestivalGalaonTV.Whetherathomeoroverseas,thistendstobeamust-doformanyChinesefamilies.
除夕之夜,守岁时,家人和亲戚会开心聚餐、玩游戏(比如打麻将)、看电视台的春节联欢晚会。对很多中国家庭来说,无论是在家乡还是海外,这些都是习惯上过年必做的事情。
Traditionsarechanging
传统在变化
Likeallcustomsandtraditions,thingschangeovertime.Today,redenvelopesareoftensentviaappssuchasWeChat,amessagingappthatallowspeopletomakemobilepayments.Althoughthereuniondinnerisstillimportant,manyChinesefamiliesnowprefertoeatoutratherthancooktogetherathome.Fireworksandfirecrackersareoftenbannedinrespectoftheenvironment,anditisnotunusualtohearthecacophonyoffirecrackersplayedfromrecordingsthroughspeakersinstead.
就像所有的习俗和传统一样,事情总会随着时间变化。当今,红包往往通过微信(一种可让人们实现移动支付的即时通讯应用程序)发出。尽管团圆饭仍然重要,但很多中国家庭现在会选择在外面就餐,而不是在家一起做饭。烟花和爆竹往往为了保护环境而禁放,取而代之听音箱里放出的爆竹炸响声——这也不是啥稀罕事了。
But,nomatterhowmuchChinesenewyearcelebrationshavechangedovertime,theheartoftheSpringFestivalremainsthepeople,astrongsenseoftogetherness,andtheideathattheyeartocomewillbethechanceforanewstartthatisbrighterandmoreprosperous.
但是,不管中国新年的庆祝活动随着时间发生了多少变化,春节的核心仍然是人,是团圆的强烈幸福感,也是对来年的想往——相信来年是个全新开始的机会,将更加光明、更加繁荣。