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过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者的体质及中医证型分布特点

2024-11-19张晋韬李跃杨钦泰杨宏志周琪琳陈鸿杰柯千山王晓鹰戴敏

新医学 2024年10期

【摘要】 目的 分析过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者的体质及中医证型分布特点,为其中西医结合治疗提供依据。方法 全部病例资料均来源于2020年1月至2024年5月在“云上三院”过敏微信小程序中经过敏中医体质辨识初筛,并于中山大学附属第三医院过敏科接受多学科诊疗的过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘等的过敏共病患者。采用回顾性分析的方法,收集患者的性别、年龄等基本信息以及中医体质、中医证型等数据。根据该院过敏科团队提出的 “过敏的5A分级诊疗”新理念,将患者分为3组,分别是2A患者(过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘)、3A患者(过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘及特应性皮炎、过敏性结膜炎或食物过敏中任一疾病)和4A或5A患者(过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘及特应性皮炎、过敏性结膜炎或食物过敏中任意2种或3种疾病)。结果 2A患者42例,其中男18例、女24例,年龄(26.4±16.6)岁;3A患者40例,其中男19例、女21例,年龄(25.0±15.5)岁;4A或5A患者8例,其中男5例、女3例,年龄(15.5±13.2)岁。2A患者常见的体质依次是阳虚质(17例)、气虚质(14例)、特禀质(11例),3A患者常见的体质依次是气虚质(23例)、特禀质(16例)、阳虚质(9例),4A或5A患者则以气虚质(6例)、特禀质(4例)多见,阳虚质、气虚质在各组患者中的分布存在差异(P均< 0.05)。2A患者常见的中医证型依次为寒凝阳虚证(10例)、风寒夹湿证(8例)、肺脾气虚证(7例),3A患者常见的中医证型依次为肺脾气虚证(12例)、寒凝阳虚证(7例)、脾虚湿阻证(6例),4A或5A患者最常见的中医证型为肺脾气虚证(5例),3组患者的中医证型分布存在差异(P < 0.05)。2A患者与4A或5A患者比较差异则有统计学意义(P < 0.001);3A患者与4A或5A患者比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。结论 过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者常见的体质为阳虚质、气虚质、特禀质,常见的中医证型为寒凝阳虚证、风寒夹湿证和肺脾气虚证。过敏共病不同级别的患者体质及中医证型分布存在差异。

【关键词】 过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘;5A分级诊疗;中医体质;中医证型

Characteristics of constitution and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome distribution in patients with allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma

ZHANG Jintao1, LI Yue2, YANG Qintai3, YANG Hongzhi2, ZHOU Qilin3, CHEN Hongjie2, KE Qianshan2,

WANG Xiaoying4, DAI Min2,3

(1. Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Zhaoqing Hospital,

Zhaoqing 526000, China; 2. Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen

University, Guangzhou 510630, China; 3.Department of Allergy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University,

Guangzhou 510630, China; 4.Research & Development Room, Gamma on Cloud, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China)

Corresponding author: DAI Min, E-mail: daimin@mail.sysu.edu.cn

【Abstract】 Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of constitution and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of allergic rhinitis patients complicated with asthma, aiming to provide basis for integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment for allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma. Methods After preliminary screening of traditional Chinese medicine constitution identification of allergic patients in the allergic WeChat applet of Gamma on Cloud, patients with allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma or other allergic diseases receiving multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment of Department of Allergy of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2020 to May 2024 were selected. General data such as gender and age, constitution of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of allergic rhinitis patients complicated with asthma were collected and retrospectively analyzed. According to the new concept of “allergic 5A grading diagnosis and treatment” proposed by the team from Department of Allergy, all patients were divided into three groups: 2A patient group ( allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma), 3A patient group (allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma, and any of atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis or food allergy) and 4A or 5A patient group (allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma, and any two or three of atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis or food allergy) . Results There were 42 patients in the 2A group, 18 males and 24 females, aged (26.4±16.6) years old, 40 patients in the 3A patient group, 19 males and 21 females, aged (25.0±15.5) years old, and 8 patients in the 4A or 5A patient group, 5 males and 3 females, aged (15.5±13.2) years old, respectively. In the 2A patient group, the most frequent constitutions were yang-deficiency constitution (n = 17), qi-deficiency constitution (n = 14) and inherited special constitution (n = 11). In the 3A patient group, the most common constitutions were qi-deficiency constitution (n = 23), inherited special constitution (n = 16) and yang-deficiency constitution (n = 9 ). In the 4A or 5A patient group, the most prevalent constitutions were qi-deficiency constitution (n = 6) and inherited special constitution (n = 4). Fisher’s exact test found that there were differences in the distribution of yang-deficiency constitution among all groups (all P < 0.05). In terms of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes, the most common traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in the 2A patient group were yang deficiency with congealing cold syndrome (n = 10), wind-cold-dampness syndrome (n = 8) and lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome (n = 6). The most common traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of 3A patients were lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome (n = 12), yang deficiency with congealing cold syndrome (n = 7) and wind-cold-dampness syndrome (n = 6). The most common traditional Chinese medicine syndrome of 4A or 5A patients was lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome (n = 5). There were differences in the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes among the three groups (all P < 0.05). The difference between 2A patients and 4A or 5A patients was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The difference between 3A patients and 4A or 5A patients was also statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions The most common constitutions of allergic rhinitis patients complicated with asthma are yang-deficiency constitution, qi-deficiency constitution and inherited special constitution. The most prevalent traditional Chinese medicine syndromes are yang deficiency with congealing cold syndrome, wind-cold-dampness syndrome and lung-spleen qi deficiency syndrome. There are differences in the distribution of constitution and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome among patients with different grades of allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma.

【Key words】 Allergic rhinitis complicated with asthma; 5A grading diagnosis and treatment;

Traditional Chinese medicine constitution; Traditional Chinese medicine syndrome

过敏性鼻炎是一种常见的过敏性疾病,喷嚏、流涕、鼻塞等症状较为常见,也容易引起支气管、肺部的炎症进而诱发哮喘[1-2]。究其原因,过敏性鼻炎患者的整个上呼吸道均存在慢性炎症,进而影响肺功能[3],最终出现过敏共病的病理状态。

从中医学的角度看,先天禀赋、后天生活习惯、生活环境等对个人的影响会使不同个体形成不同体质。体质在某种程度上决定了机体对疾病的免疫应答及病理生理改变,进而影响疾病的转归及预后,因此体质可以为疾病的预防及治疗提供依据[4]。中医学独特的诊疗环节是“辨证论治”,即在中医整体观指导下,强调因人、因地、因时、因症而辨证论治,尤其强调纠正和调整机体内已失调之阴阳平衡。中医学认为过敏是机体内阴阳由“平衡到不平衡”的病理状态。在过敏共病的常态下,对于过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者来说,进一步细化体质的分布特征及中医证型,有利于制定更加精准的预防和治疗方案从而提高疗效。临床实践显示,过敏共病级别相同的患者的体质及中医证型存在差异,目前仍缺乏对过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者的中医体质及中医证型的相关研究。因此,本研究意在探究过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘患者的体质分布及中医证型分布特点,以期指导临床用药,为防治过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘提供更精准的治疗思路与方法。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

病例资料来源于2020年1月至2024年5月在“云上三院”过敏微信小程序中经过敏中医体质辨识初筛,并在中山大学附属第三医院过敏科接受多学科诊疗的过敏性疾病患者。纳入标准:①符合各类过敏性疾病的诊断标准[5-10];②中医科参与诊疗过程。排除标准:①病历资料不完整;②合并肺结核、肺癌等慢性消耗性疾病;③合并心、脑、肝、肾等系统较严重的原发性疾病;④合并精神类疾病。本研究通过中山大学附属第三医院医学伦理委员会审批(批件号:中大附三医伦RG2023-122-01),患者均知情同意。

1.2 中医体质标准

使用中医体质辨识简表(来源于国家基本公共卫生服务规范第三版)作为中医体质标准,该表共33个条目[11]。评分及体质判定准则见表1。

1.3 中医辨证标准

根据中华人民共和国国家标准(GB/T 16751.2—2021)中医临床诊疗术语确定患者的中医证型,且将其分为“实证”“虚证”“虚实夹杂证”3个类型[12]。中医辨证由参与过敏性疾病诊疗的高级职称中医医师商定并记录。

1.4 方 法

据中山大学附属第三医院过敏科团队提出的 “过敏的5A分级诊疗”新理念[13],同一患者可罹患单一器官过敏如过敏性鼻炎、特应性皮炎、哮喘、过敏性结膜炎或者食物过敏(用1A表示),也可同时罹患2个或以上的器官过敏,即过敏共病(用2A或以上表示)。本研究入组患者共分为3组,分别是2A患者(过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘)、3A患者(过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘与特应性皮炎、过敏性结膜炎或食物过敏中任一疾病)和4A或5A患者(过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘与特应性皮炎、过敏性结膜炎或食物过敏中任意2种或3种疾病)。

1.5 统计学方法

采用SPSS 25.0进行数据分析,计数资料用

n(%)表示,总体比较采用Fisher确切概率法,进一步两两比较采用Bonferroni法调整检验水平。正态分布计量资料采用表示,若满足方差齐性,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 基本信息

共90例患者被纳入研究。2A患者42例,其中男18例、女24例,年龄(26.4±16.6)岁;3A患者40例,其中男19例、女21例,年龄(25.0±15.5)岁;4A或5A患者8例,其中男5例、女3例,年龄(15.5±13.2)岁,3组患者性别比较差异无统计学意义(P = 0.588)。

2.2 体质分布

2.2.1 2A患者体质分布

42例2A患者中单一体质27例,人数最多的依次为阳虚质、痰湿质和气虚质。2种体质12例,人数最多的依次为特禀质+阳虚质、特禀质+气虚质。3种体质3例,分别是特禀质+阳虚质+血瘀质和特禀质+气虚质+气郁质。见表2。

2.2.2 3A患者体质分布

40例3A患者中单一体质23例,依次为气虚质、阳虚质、湿热质和痰湿质。2种体质16例,人数最多的依次为特禀质+气虚质、特禀质+阳虚质。3种体质1例,为特禀质+气虚质+气郁质。见表3。

2.2.3 4A或5A患者体质分布

8例4A或5A患者单一体质3例,分别为湿热质(2例)和气虚质(1例)。2种体质5例,分别为特禀质+气虚质(4例)和痰湿质+气虚质(1例)。

2.2.4 各种体质在3组患者中的分布差异

阳虚质、气虚质在各组患者中的分布存在差异(P均< 0.05),见表4。

2.3 中医证型分布

所有患者常见的中医证型依次为肺脾气虚证、寒凝阳虚证和风寒夹湿证。2A患者最常见的中医证型依次为寒凝阳虚证、风寒夹湿证和肺脾气虚证;3A患者最常见的中医证型依次为肺脾气虚证、寒凝阳虚证和脾虚湿阻证;4A或5A患者最常见的中医证型为肺脾气虚证,见表5。

将中医证型分为“实证”“虚证”“虚实夹杂证”3个类型,3组总体比较差异有统计学意义(P =

0.047)。进一步两两比较显示,2A患者与3A患者比较差异无统计学意义(P = 0.412),2A患者与4A或5A患者比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001),3A患者与4A或5A患者比较差异有统计学意义(P <

0.001)。见表5。

3 讨 论

过敏性鼻炎在中医上属“鼻鼽”,哮喘则属“哮病”“喘证”范畴[14-15]。过敏性鼻炎常合并哮喘,因此王烈教授曾提出“鼻哮”理念[16]。黄晖等[17]认为,过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的病位在“肺鼻”,累及脾、肾,基本的中医病机为“本虚”“外邪”“痰浊”。刘建秋教授曾提出过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘是“内因为本,外因为标”,临床上以虚证表现居多[18-21]。本研究结果显示,过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的患者主要感受的外邪以“风、寒、湿”为主,本虚以“肺脾气虚、阳虚”多见,与中医各家学说基本一致。其中2A患者阳虚较为常见,4A或5A患者气虚更为常见,这种中医证型的差异考虑与纳入的人群年龄分布有关,4A或5A患者年龄均数为15.5岁,中医认为儿童的基本生理特性是“肝常有余,肺脾常不足”[22-23],故4A或5A患者组中肺脾气虚证较为常见。

体质表现为机能、代谢以及对外界刺激反应等方面的个体差异性,对某些病因和疾病的易感性,以及疾病传变转归中的某种倾向性。按照不同的年龄阶段,人体体质分为4个阶段,包括稚阴稚阳(婴幼儿)、气血渐盛(青年)、气血充盛(壮年)、五脏气衰(老年)[24-25]。过敏体质在不同年龄阶段的分布并不一致,赵海虹等[26-27]进行的2项关于婴幼儿体质的研究表明,过敏体质在0~<1岁、1~<2岁、2~3岁婴幼儿中的比例逐渐上升。在青壮年到老年阶段,过敏体质比例呈现出随年龄增长而下降的总体趋势,2项分别纳入10 8015、21 948名研究对象的体质流行病学调查表明,在15岁及以上人群中,过敏体质的比例随着年龄增长而下降[28-29]。从中医的角度来看,机体随着年龄的增长气血逐渐强盛,正气对过敏原刺激反应程度增强,同时活动范围及接触到的过敏原逐渐增加,形成过敏体质的可能性也随之增大。而从青年到老年的过程中,机体从气血充盛逐渐变为五脏气衰,正气对过敏原刺激的反应程度随之减弱,因此过敏体质的比例随之下降。本研究中,根据“过敏的5A分级诊疗”分级后的患者年龄分布并不一致,这提示过敏共病等级与年龄或存在负相关关系,与既往的研究结果一致。同时本研究结果提示过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的患者最常见的体质是气虚质、阳虚质和特禀质,这与一项Meta分析的结果一致[30]。张诗瑜等[31]进行的过敏性哮喘患者体质分布特征的研究显示,过敏性哮喘患者最常见的体质也是气虚质、阳虚质和特禀质。这些研究出现了相似结果,考虑与过敏性鼻炎与哮喘常以共病的形式出现的原因有关[32-33]。本研究结果与目前国内已发表文献结果基本一致,本研究还进一步提示,使用“过敏的5A分级诊疗”对患者进行分组后,4A或5A患者的年龄更小且气虚质人数更多,这与中医认为儿童的基本生理特性是“肝常有余,肺脾常不足”相吻合。

综上所述,过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的患者在不同过敏共病的级别中的中医体质及中医证型分布存在差异。若仅从过敏性鼻炎合并哮喘的角度,忽略其他过敏共病制定中医临床诊疗方案,将会有失偏颇。故以“过敏的5A分级诊疗”理念为基础,对过敏性疾病患者进行更细致的分类,可为中医临床诊疗提供参考并可提高中医临床诊疗的准确性。现今已进入人工智能新时代,人工智能可让原来杂乱无序的医疗数据实现应有的价值[34]。我科在过敏性疾病临床诊疗中使用“云上三院”过敏微信小程序收集患者的中医临床数据,在未来可进一步构建更为准确的过敏性疾病中西医结合临床预测模型,并对患者进行全流程的健康管理,这有利于提高临床诊疗的准确性,使得一线临床工作者对过敏性疾病患者的病情、既往史等有更充分的了解,从而为过敏性疾病患者提供更为精准的诊疗服务。

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