运用“A·FEW”技巧,提升续写质量
2024-07-01朱玉清
朱玉清
读后续写是新高考全国Ⅰ卷的写作题型之一。该题型要求考生阅读一篇约350词的故事性短文,依据其中情节和所给段落开头语,续写故事,使之成为与原文材料“有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文”。读后续写考查考生综合语言运用能力,让众多学生望而却步。笔者通过分析学生在考场作文上的困难,发现广大师生在日常教学中对此题型的研究空白,提出“A·FEW”技巧,以助力考生提升续写质量。
一、学生在考场作文上的困难
近几年全国Ⅰ卷的读后续写话题都与学生学习生活密切相关,大部分师生借助5W1H梳理情节、借助设问构思情节等方法,可以满足“写完故事”的要求。然而,考生普遍反映在考场上“写好故事”很难——流水账、内容欠充实、字数不足、语言不出彩,学生对此题型充满疑惑和恐惧,从而影响备考信心。
在词汇方面,在日常教学中,学生往往被灌输大量写作素材,例如:“手部动作”“面部表情”“走的各种表达”“景色描写”“情绪描写之惊喜”等。这些海量的写作素材甚至还包含不少超纲词汇,对于平均水平的学生而言,根本记不住、记不清、在考场上用不上。
在语法结构丰富性方面,学生知道可以使用所谓的“高级结构”,如非谓语动词、倒装句、强调句、with的复合结构、独立主格结构、夸张修辞、比喻修辞等。然而,知行不合一,在考场上,平均水平的学生往往顾此失彼,勉强倒腾出几个生动词汇,又无法灵活运用“高级结构”,导致文章语言乏善可陈。
二、“A·FEW”技巧与“高级”句式
为了帮助学生修复“学”与“考”的脱节,笔者提出“A·FEW”技巧,引导学生从四个角度对主角进行局部特写,并提供五个实用句式,助力学生在考场上生成内容充实、字数充足、语言出彩的文章,从而提升续写质量。
学生习惯生成的“流水账”,往往带有动作,如下图所示:2022年和2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷读后续写中,学生构思的情节。
笔者认为,如果要写动作,就不能只写一个动作。
对策一:Actions动作链(慢镜头给到核心动作)
(1)以三个并列谓语构建动作链
例①:[2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷](颁奖礼后,我去老师办公室。)
老师祝贺我。→老师站起来,走向我,祝贺我。
The teacherrosefrom the seat,cameup to me andexpressedhis congratulations to me.
例②:[2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷](David受到我的鼓励。)
David去赛跑。→David擦掉眼泪,站了起来,向我承诺会尽力。
Davidwipedout his tears, slowlyroseto his feet andpromisedto me that he would try his best.
(2)利用非谓语构建动作链
例③:[2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷]
我领奖。→我接过奖杯后,深吸一口气并简短致辞,表达对老师的感激。
Having receivedthe trophy, Itooka deep breath andmadea brief speech,expressingmy gratitude to my teacher.
例④:[2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷](David受到我的鼓励。)
David去赛跑。→David擦掉眼泪,站了起来,向我承诺会尽力。
Wipingout his his tears, David slowly rose to his feet andpromisedto me that he would try his best.
对策二:与至少一个其他方面组合(Actions动作+Facial expressions表情、Emotions情感、Words语言)
具体操作分三步:
第一步:从“A·FEW”这四个角度进行想象;
第二步:结合已有的细节积累;
第三步:套用“高级”句式。
例⑤:[2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷] 我得知获奖后的反应
A:leap, clap, cover my mouth with both hands, strong heart beat…
F:grin from ear to ear, tears, wear a shining smile, eyes wide open…
E:excited, surprised, delighted, thrilled, amazed….
W:exclaim, “I made it”, “Really”…
句式① adj. (+adj.) , sb did sth, (with+) 脸或四肢
Surprised and excited, I covered my mouth with both hands, eyes wide open.
分析:本句描写角度涉及E(情感)、A(动作)和F(表情),内容丰富;语言亮点方面,使用了形容词作状语和独立主格结构。
句式② So+adj. was sb that sb did sth, (with+) 脸或四肢(doing/done)
So surprised and excited was I that I covered my mouth with both hands, my heart beating wildly.
分析:本句描写角度涉及E(情感)、A(动作)和F(表情),内容丰满;语言亮点方面,使用了倒装句和独立主格结构。
句式③ Seized by a current of+n., sb did sth, doing/whispering…
Seized by a current of excitement, I covered my mouth with both hands, exclaiming, “I made it!”
分析:本句描写角度涉及E(情感)、A(动作)、F(表情)和W(语言),内容丰满;语言亮点方面,使用了非谓语作状语。
句式④ No sooner had sb done sth than sb did sth, (with+) 脸或四肢/doing/whispering…
No sooner had I learned that I got the prize than I covered my mouth with both hands and leapt with joy, screaming, “I made it!”
分析:本句描写角度涉及A(动作)、F(表情)、E(情感)和W(语言),内容丰满;语言亮点方面,使用了倒装句和动作链。
句式⑤ At the sight/thought of sth, a current of n. could be sensed ten miles away.
At the sight of my name that topped the list of winners, a mixture of surprise and excitement could be sensed ten miles away.
分析:本句描写角度涉及A(动作)和E(情感),内容丰满;语言亮点方面,使用了无灵主语和夸张修辞。
三、实例分析
2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷所给材料讲述一个学生David因为脑疾而无法像常人一样跑步,在比赛面前因担心被他人嘲笑而放弃越野跑。在特殊教育老师“我”的鼓励下,最终成功完成比赛的故事。续写第一段首句为“We sat down next to each other, but David wouldnt look at me.”;续写第二段首句为“I watched as David moved up to the starting line with the other runners.”。
以续写第一段为例,学生写的“流水账”多为:我劝说David,David袒露心声,我鼓励David,David经过思想斗争,David答应参赛。英语水平中等及以下的学生往往以轮番的对话和独白堆砌整个段落,人物语言苍白,缺少描写,表现力单薄。如:David was very sad. He didnt say a word. But I knew he wanted to run. So I asked him, “You want to run, right?” David said, “Yes. But I am afraid that other people will laugh at me.” I encouraged him and said, “Ignore others. Just believe in yourself. You can do it!” David gained power again. He said “Thank you” to me and decided to run. He gave me a hug and walked to the starting line.
笔者利用“A·FEW”技巧和灵活运用“高级”句式,对续写第一段进行优化:
Silence hanging heavily in the air, he ducked down his head, without uttering a word. (内容描写包括A动作、W语言和环境描写;语言亮点包括独立主格结构、精准动词“duck down”和非谓语作状语。) Peaceful as he appeared, the storm deep inside could be sensed ten miles away. (句式⑤,内容描写包括F表情和E情感的对比;语言亮点是as引导的倒装句、无灵主语和夸张修辞。) So I patted him on the shoulder and said, “You want to run, right?” (内容描写包括A动作和W语言)Upset and hesitant, he nodded slowly, tears streaming down his cheeks.(句式①,内容描写包括E情感、A动作和F表情;语言亮点包括形容词作状语、独立主格结构。) No sooner had I caught a glimmer of frustration in his eyes than I tried to remind him of his enthusiasm and all the effort he had made.(句式④,内容描写包括E情感、A动作、F表情和W语言;语言亮点是倒装句和宾语从句。)Gradually, the strong determination in this small body seemed to fired up once again.(内容描写有E情感,“small body”呼应读材料;语言亮点是无灵主语和精准动词短语“fired up”。) David wiped out his tears, rose to his feet and moved through the crowd.(内容描写包括A动作和F表情;语言亮点是动作链。)
四、教学启示
笔者提供“A·FEW”技巧和五个实用句式,并非为了让学生死记硬背、套用模版。而是基于学生现有水平和现存困惑,提供解决思路:通过“A·FEW”和实用句式的引导,一方面强化学生进行多角度描写的意识,另一方面让学生在反复使用句式的过程中强化正面输入,逐步实现理解和记忆、应用和实践,并在此过程中补全自己在语言素材、词汇和语法知识方面的缺失,从而更好地实现迁移和创新。
责任编辑 吴昊雷