布托啡诺在无痛胃镜中的应用及研究进展
2024-05-12孙瑶芮张全意
孙瑶芮 张全意
【摘要】 近年来,我国胃肠道疾病的发病率逐渐增加,无痛胃镜检查则是最可靠、最常用的诊断方法。布托啡诺与丙泊酚联合应用,具有良好的镇痛作用,且不良反应少,已广泛应用于无痛胃镜检查中。但是对于不同年龄阶段患者布托啡诺的应用剂量是否一致仍未可知,本研究旨在探索布托啡诺在不同年龄阶段患者接受无痛胃镜的应用剂量,为临床用药提供参考依据。
【关键词】 布托啡诺 丙泊酚 无痛胃镜
The Application and Research Progress of Butorphanol in Painless Gastroscopy/SUN Yaorui, ZHANG Quanyi. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(03): -164
[Abstract] In recent years, the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases has gradually increased in our country, and painless gastroscopy is the most reliable and commonly used diagnostic method. The combination of Butorphanol and Propofol has a good analgesic effect with few adverse reactions, and has been widely used in painless gastroscopy. However, it is still unknown whether the dosage of Butorphanol applied to patients at different ages is consistent. The purpose of this study is to explore the dosage of Butorphanol applied to patients at different ages receiving painless gastroscopy, so as to provide reference for clinical use.
[Key words] Butorphanol Propofol Painless gastroscope
First-author's address: Department of Anesthesiology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256603, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.03.038
随着生活节奏的加快及饮食结构的调整,当代人群时常面临不同程度的胃肠疾病困扰,严重影响个人生活质量。相关文献[1]表明,我国胃癌和肠癌的发病率分别排名第二和第五[2],胃镜检查则是诊断胃肠道疾病最可靠的方法,但由于检查过程中脏器的扩张和牵引,易导致患者出现恶心呕吐、内脏疼痛及其他不适,部分患者也会出现术前紧张和焦虑,所以许多患者不愿接受胃镜检查[3]。随着现代医学的快速发展,舒适化医疗已成为当今社会主流,特别是上消化道疾病者,无痛胃镜已成为许多三级甲等医院的常规检查项目。目前无痛胃镜最常用的麻醉方法是静脉注射丙泊酚联合小剂量阿片类药物[4],布托啡诺是一种混合型阿片受体激动-拮抗剂,属于二类精神药品,镇痛效果好,管理相对简便,已广泛应用于无痛胃镜检查中。但是对于不同年龄阶段患者应用布托啡诺的剂量是否一致仍未可知,本研究旨在探索布托啡诺在不同年龄阶段患者接受无痛胃镜的应用剂量,为临床用药提供参考依据。
1 布托啡诺的作用机制
布托啡诺是一种混合型阿片受体激动-拮抗剂,其镇痛作用是吗啡的6倍[5]。布托啡诺静脉注射后起效快,3~5 min达浓度峰值,消除半衰期为2.5~3.5 h[6]。可完全激动κ受体,部分激动δ受体、对μ受体具有激动和拮抗双重作用,与阿片受体μ︰δ︰κ的亲和力分别为1︰4︰25[7]。
2 无痛胃镜现状
无痛胃镜可以消除患者检查过程中的疼痛和不安情绪,既满足了患者的舒适度,又提高了胃肠镜检查的成功率及效率[8]。尽管胃镜检查短,但麻醉过程中可能随时发生呼吸抑制、心搏骤停等不良事件,严重威胁患者的生命健康。无痛胃镜工作量繁重、患者年龄层次及疾病类型跨度大,麻醉医师的工作压力大,任务重,如何更好地完成无痛胃镜的麻醉显得尤为重要。
3 布托啡诺在临床镇痛中的应用
3.1 布托啡诺用于临床镇痛的优势
布托啡诺是1973年首次被报道合成[7],2004年底国内才用于临床外科的阿片类药物。其镇痛效果好,持续时间久,呼吸抑制弱,成瘾率低。相关研究表明,布托啡诺即使在镇静作用消失后,也可保持轻度的镇痛效果[9]。布托啡诺依靠其起效快、副作用小、镇痛效果好等优点被广泛应用于临床中。
3.2 布托啡诺在超前镇痛中的应用
超前镇痛也称预先镇痛,即在伤害性刺激发生之前给予相应的镇痛措施,从而降低痛觉阈值,减少局部的炎症反应,从而达到减轻疼痛的效果,有效的鎮痛不但可以减少术后并发症的发生,还有助于患者康复[10]。劳建新等[11]将120例人工流产术患者随机分为四组:对照组,布托啡诺5 μg/kg组,布托啡诺10 μg/kg组,布托啡诺15 μg/kg组,每组30例。对照组术前3 min注射等量生理盐水,布托啡诺组注射不同剂量布托啡诺,结果表明:布托啡诺10 μg/kg超前镇痛应用于人工流产术,既可以减少丙泊酚剂量、术后宫缩痛及不良反应的发生,又使患者苏醒迅速。王荣宁等[12]研究发现术前静脉注射20 μg/kg布托啡诺,可以提供有效的术后镇痛,而且不会增加术后不良反应。杨林等[13]的研究中,布托啡诺经鼻腔给药超前镇痛可显著降低行老年患者早期术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的发病率。
3.3 布托啡诺在术后镇痛中的应用
术后疼痛是一种不好的主观体验,常常折磨患者,影响患者的康复与转归。Apfelbaum等[14]报道,约80%的患者遭受术后疼痛,其中86%的患者经历了从中度到重度的疼痛。一些研究表明,布托啡诺可以较好地改善剖宫产术后痛、牙痛及偏头痛、急性肌肉骨骼痛和胆绞痛[15-18]。经皮泵如静脉自控镇痛(PCA)已被用于减少术后疼痛,布托啡诺是临床常用的镇痛药物。Zhu等[19]研究发现,术后镇痛布托啡诺组与非布托啡诺组在术后12、24、48 h 视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分和术后12、48 h 镇静评分(RSS)无显著差异,但布托啡诺后术后24 h RSS评分降低;且对于恶心呕吐、瘙痒、头晕等不良事件,使用布托啡诺显著降低了发生率。
4 布托啡诺在无痛胃镜中的应用
4.1 布托啡诺用于无痛胃镜的优势
布托啡诺可使幽门括约肌自发开放频率增加,使内镜检查更快、更容易[7,20]。它可以部分拮抗μ阿片类药物(μ)受体,从而减少术后不良反应的发生率,如恶心、呕吐等;与其他镇静催眠药相比,呼吸抑制等副作用发生率较低[21],故而广泛应用于无痛胃肠检查中[22]。
4.2 联合用药
4.2.1 布托啡诺联合丙泊酚 丙泊酚因其起效快、半衰期短和恢复迅速等优点成为无痛胃镜检查最常用的药物之一[23],但又受限于呼吸和血流动力学不稳定,由于丙泊酚不具有镇痛作用,需要大剂量才能满足无痛胃镜检查的要求,这增加了剂量相关并发症如低血压和低氧血症的风险[24-25]。相关研究表明单纯静脉注射丙泊酚2~2.5 mg/kg,收缩压和舒张压可下降25%~40%[26],而且随给药剂量的增加对呼吸循环的抑制作用逐渐增强[27],故常需与其他药物配伍使用。
目前无痛胃镜最常用的麻醉是静脉注射丙泊酚联合小剂量阿片类药物[4]。国内研究[28]发现,布托啡诺复合丙泊酚可以安全、有效的应用于无痛胃镜监测,但对于高龄体弱的患者,应该注意减量、减慢给药,注意患者呼吸、心率变化。Li等[26,29]发现,在最合适的输注速率下,单独使用丙泊酚用于上消化道内镜检查时,低氧血症的发生率为15%。然而,Lv等[30]的研究中,低氧血症的发生率仅在8.2%~11.7%,明显低于Li等报道的结果,这提示在无痛胃镜检查中,布托啡诺联合丙泊酚可减少低氧血症的发生率,而且还明显减少丙泊酚的用量、呼吸抑制、头晕嗜睡等不良反应。此外,丙泊酚经常会导致注射疼痛,影响患者满意度和麻醉后出院评分(PADS)[31-32]。Agarwal等[33]发现,相比静脉注射利多卡因,使用2 mg布托啡诺比静脉注射利多卡因能有效地减少丙泊酚注射痛。术后疲劳会影响患者术后的情绪、心理状态及恢复过程[34],Zhu等[35]比较布托啡诺和舒芬太尼用于无痛胃肠镜的95%的药物有效剂量(ED95)发现,布托啡诺与舒芬太尼虽都产生了良好的镇痛效果,但与舒芬太尼相比,布托啡诺可减少术后恶心呕吐,改善术后镇痛,减少术后疲劳,从而减少胃肠道内镜后麻醉恢复室(PACU)时间,利于患者康复。
4.2.2 布托啡诺联合瑞马唑仑 瑞马唑仑(CNS7056)是新型超短效苯二氮?类药物,具有咪达唑仑和瑞芬太尼两种麻醉药物的组合特性[36],2019年12月在我国获批用于胃镜镇静。瑞马唑仑给药后分布迅速,3 min内达到最大镇静效果,半衰期短[37-38],且通过一级药代动力学消除,在体内可被组织酶迅速水解为无活性代谢产物(CNS7054)[39],因此不影响肝肾功能,可以安全地用于肝或肾功能受损的患者[40-41]。由于瑞马唑仑起效快,作用持续时间短、可预测,恢复快,持续输注无蓄积,副作用少,耐受性好,可被氟马西尼逆转[37,42],广泛用于临床。
相关文献[43]表明,布托啡诺复合瑞马唑仑可安全用于老年患者无痛胃镜检查,对循环影响小,苏醒时间短。谢爽[44]发现瑞马唑仑联合布托啡诺应用于老年患者无痛胃镜检查中,具有安全平稳、苏醒迅速,呼吸抑制低、几乎无注射痛及并发症少的特点。
4.2.3 布托啡诺联合依托咪酯 依托咪酯是一种含有羧基咪唑的化合物,起效快,持续时间短,在肝脏代谢,75%的剂量经尿液排出[45]。与丙泊酚相比,依托咪酯结合并激活肾上腺素能受体,引起继发性血管收缩并稳定心血管系统,对血流动力学影响小,而且呼吸抑制弱,通常用于血流动力学受损高风险患者的气道插管镇静和循环功能不稳定的老年患者[46-48]。最近的文献[49-50]表明依托咪酯可安全用于复杂内镜手术患者镇静,包括内镜逆行胆管造影和内镜超声造影。但是单独使用依托咪酯会导致肌阵挛、术后恶心呕吐和肌肉疼痛,还可能导致肾上腺功能下降[51-52]。
文献[53]表明,布托啡诺能有效预防依托咪酯所导致的肌阵挛的发生,减轻肌阵挛强度,也降低了术后恶心、呕吐和头晕的发生率。古学东等[54]发现布托啡诺联合依托咪酯用于无痛胃镜检查,可替代舒芬太尼,减少术后恶心呕吐的发生率,在门诊无痛内镜中的使用更具优势。桂江华等[55]将62例患者随机分为对照组与研究组,各31例,对照组给予0.3 mg/kg依托咪酯,研究组给予0.2~0.6 mg/kg依托咪酯+1 mg布托啡诺。结果表明研究组入睡及苏醒时间短,疼痛评分低,不良反应少,二者结合用于老年患者无痛胃肠镜中,起效快,镇痛效果好,优势互补,安全性高。
5 总结与展望
布托啡诺因起效快、镇痛强、半衰期短等优点被广泛应用于临床中,发挥了巨大作用,然而随著应用剂量的增加,布托啡诺引起的镇静也会在恢复期导致头晕、嗜睡等不良反应,影响了出院评分,降低了诊断和治疗效率[56]。既往文献[57-58]表明,布托啡诺引起的头晕和嗜睡的发生率是剂量依赖性的,若能使用其合适剂量可减少不良反应的发生,而且随着年龄的增加,机体代谢减慢,药物剂量也应有所调整。经查阅大量文献发现,目前并未有研究对不同年龄阶段的患者使用布托啡诺的50%的药物有效剂量(ED50)和ED95做进一步的研究。考虑到目前我国接受无痛胃镜患者人群数量大、患者层次种类复杂及不同年龄患者对药物的反应不同等因素,本研究拟对不同年龄段患者使用布托啡诺进行无痛胃镜的ED50和ED95进行探索,为临床应用提供一些用药经验,旨在满足舒适化的同时,创造更安全的医疗环境。
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(收稿日期:2023-10-24) (本文编辑:占汇娟)