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源自罗伊氏乳杆菌的活性物质及其潜在应用

2024-01-15田兆红

安徽农业科学 2024年1期
关键词:应用

摘要  罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)属于乳酸菌,是人类和动物胃肠道中乳杆菌属的主要物种之一。综述来源于罗伊氏乳杆菌的活性代谢物,包括其在不同培养基中的培养物、代谢物、非活菌株和无细胞上清液。从益生菌、医药应用、食物保存3个方面系统分析罗伊氏乳杆菌活性代谢产物的应用,为源于罗伊氏乳杆菌的活性物质的潜在应用研究提供参考。

关键词  罗伊氏乳杆菌;活性代谢物;应用

中图分类号  TS201.3  文献标识码  A  文章编号  0517-6611(2024)01-0001-06

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2024.01.001

开放科学(资源服務)标识码(OSID):

Active Substances from Lactobacillus reuteri and Their Potential Applications

TIAN Zhao-hong

(Yulin Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center,Yulin,Guangxi 537000)

Abstract  Lactobacillus reuteri belongs to the lactic acid bacteria and is one of the main species of Lactobacillus in the human and animal gastrointestinal tract. This paper reviews the active metabolites of Lactobacillus reuteri, including their cultures, metabolites, inactive strains, and cell-free supernatants in different media, systematically analyzes the application of active metabolites of Lactobacillus reuteri from three aspects: probiotics, pharmaceutical applications, and food preservation, so as to provide reference for the potential application research of active substances derived from Lactobacillus reuteri.

Key words  Lactobacillus reuteri;Active metabolite;Application

基金项目  广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD22080002)。

作者简介  田兆红(1968—),女,广西玉林人,副主任药师,从事食品药品质量分析研究。

收稿日期  2023-01-02

罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)属于乳酸菌,是人类和动物胃肠道中乳杆菌属的主要物种之一,属于乳杆菌的专性异源发酵群,可以基于磷酸酮酶的代谢途径来利用碳水化合物,可以单独发酵葡萄糖,并产生最终产物乳酸、乙醇和CO2。1965年Reuter[1]将该物种重新分类为“发酵乳杆菌生物型II”。1980年Kandler等[2]发现了罗伊氏乳杆菌和其他发酵乳杆菌生物型之间的显著差异,并最终将其确定为一个独特的物种,并以发现者Gerhard Reuter的名字将该物种命名为“Reuteri”。罗伊氏乳杆菌是唯一一种在各种动物肠道中构成18种主要乳酸杆菌“主要成分”的细菌[3]。在动物和人类中,罗氏乳杆菌可以在出生和哺乳过程中通过乳腺导管从母亲传播给新生动物或婴儿。然而不同来源的罗氏乳杆菌菌株表现出宿主特异性定殖特征。罗伊氏乳杆菌菌株为革兰氏阳性,其细胞是略微不规则的弯曲棒,末端呈圆形,大小通常为(0.7~1.0)μm×(2.0~3.0)μm[4]。该研究以物质为线索,回顾了来源于罗氏乳杆菌的活性物质及其应用,包括罗伊氏菌素(Reuterin、Reutericin、Reutericyclin)、胞外多糖、有机酸和菌株(活菌和非活菌)等,以期为源于罗伊氏乳杆菌的活性物质的潜在应用研究提供参考。

1  来源于罗伊氏乳杆菌活性物质

1.1  Reuterin

Reuterin,即3-乳醛(3-HPA),由Geoffrey于1742年首次观察到,由Nef[5]首次描述。直到1910年,Voisenet[6]发现,在甘油发酵过程中,3-HPA作为中间体在甘油脱水酶催化下形成。Reuterin最独特和吸引人的特点是其强大的抗菌活性。Reuterin的生产涉及两步酶促反应[7],其中甘油首先由甘油脱水酶脱水生成Reuterin[8];同时糖酵解产生的NADH / H +被氧化成NAD +。其次,如果供给过量的葡萄糖,一部分Reuterin被NAD +依赖的氧化还原酶进一步还原为甘油发酵的终产物1,3 -丙二醇[9],剩余的则在溶液中积累。

1.2  Reutericin

Reutericin 是细菌产生的一种蛋白质类毒素,能抑制与其相似或密切相关的细菌菌株的生长。罗伊氏乳杆菌L22可产生抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌作用[10]物质,可以引起细胞抑制和细胞死亡。另一株罗伊氏乳杆菌菌株被发现在生物聚合物膜中产生Reutericin,可使细菌完全抑制一周[11]。来源于红高粱ogi的罗伊氏乳杆菌产生的细菌素抑制了分离自白玉米ogi的罗伊氏乳杆菌的生长[12]。研究最深入的是Reutericin 6,它是一种环状II类细菌素,主要针对革兰氏阳性菌和密切相关的乳杆菌物种[13]。1991年首次被报道为罗伊氏乳杆菌LA6菌株的代谢产物[14],该菌株从人类婴儿粪便中分离出来。纯品Reutericin 6为疏水性蛋白,分子量为5.6 kD[15]。发现其对商业菌株包括嗜酸乳杆菌、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和乳酸亚种具有溶菌作用。这种环状蛋白的抗菌机制被认为是在靶细菌的细胞膜上形成孔道,引起膜去极化和小细胞成分外排,导致细胞死亡[13,15]。

1.3  Reutericyclin

Reutericyclin是第一个从乳酸菌罗伊氏乳杆菌LTH2584中分离的低分子量抗生素。它是一种天然存在的、两亲性的、具有黄褐色(其结构见图1)的特特拉姆酸液体[16]。罗伊氏乳杆菌LTH2584存在于酸面团中,在酸面团发酵过程中能够原位产生Reutericyclin。其他来源相同的菌株如TMW1.106、TMW1.112和TMW1.656也能产生Reutericyclin。Reutericyclin有助于罗伊氏乳杆菌在生面团中的稳定存在[17-18]。据报道,它对许多革兰氏阳性菌具有杀菌和抑菌活性,包括乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和无害李斯特菌,但不影响革兰氏阴性菌[18]。其作用方式是作为质子离子载体,将质子跨过细胞膜,耗散跨膜pH电位[19]。

1.4  胞外多糖EPS

关于罗伊氏乳杆菌合成EPS的早期报道是在1998年[20],其中菌株reuteri LB 121在蔗糖培养基中同时产生葡聚糖和果聚糖,但在棉子糖中只产生果聚糖。截至目前,发现的大多数EPS都是同型多糖。EPS在保护细胞免受干燥、吞噬作用和噬菌体攻击、参与金属离子的摄取、提供更高的氧张力、作为黏合剂、植物和细菌之间的相互作用以及黏细菌中发现的发育系统中可能非常重要[21]。EPS在发酵食品[22]的流变行为和质地中起着关键作用,并提高了保质期。EPS的一些健康促进活性已被提出,包括免疫调节活性[22]、抗氧化潜力[22]、抗病毒[23]、抗癌[24]和益生潜力[25]。

1.5  有机酸

作为一种乳酸菌,罗伊氏乳杆菌可以产生多种有机酸,如乳酸、乙酸、甲酸、丁酸、苯乳酸、丙酸、咖啡酸、羟基苯基乳酸、羟基苯基苯甲酸和脂肪酸等。其抗菌特性与有机酸的酸化作用有关,从而抑制腐败菌的生长。其中,3-苯基乳酸(PLA)由于其有效的抗菌活性,是一种广谱抗菌化合物而引起了人们极大的兴趣。罗伊氏乳杆菌在添加苯丙氨酸的MRS培养基中可以形成3 -苯基乳酸[ 26 ]。

1.6  细胞及其相关物

虽然不属于传统的代谢物,但细胞(或菌株)是来源于罗伊氏乳杆菌的重要物质,在各个领域得到应用。由活细胞通过加热或喷雾干燥制备的非活细胞在临床领域得到应用。罗伊氏乳杆菌DSMZ 17648被证实有潜力作为一种新的方式来减少幽门螺旋杆菌的负荷[27]。给予热灭活的罗伊氏乳杆菌GMNL-263可以显著下调肥胖大鼠的体脂和防止心肌细胞损伤[28]。它可以重新激活IGF1R / PI3K / Akt细胞存活途径,减少高脂饮食喂养的仓鼠心脏中脂肪诱导的心肌细胞凋亡[29]。该菌株在改善高脂饮食诱导的肥胖大鼠的代谢功能方面也表现出类似的效果[30],并且可以通过TGF-β抑制减轻高脂饮食仓鼠肝脏和心脏的纤维化作用[31]。罗伊氏乳杆菌ATCC-PTA-6475的裂解物可以上调宿主催产素,与活细胞的功能相同[32]。

1.7  其他活性代谢物

罗伊氏乳杆菌的其他活性代谢产物,如二氧化碳、乙醇、过氧化氢、乙偶姻、双乙酰[33]等,可能具有生物防腐作用。有报道罗伊氏乳杆菌可以将组氨酸转化为组胺[34]。组胺具有重要的生理功能,包括抑制肿瘤坏死因子的产生和肠道炎症[35]。

2  罗伊氏乳杆菌活性代谢产物的应用

来源于罗伊氏乳杆菌的活性代谢物的应用是由其性质决定的。作为益生菌,临床上用作补充剂或药物以及作为食品保鲜剂最为常见。

2.1  罗伊氏乳杆菌作为益生菌

一些菌株如LR5、LR6、LR9、Pg4和ATCC 55730[36-38]等已被证明能够耐受低pH、胆盐和十二指肠液,可以通过胃肠道的上部而存活。一些罗伊氏菌通过产生抗菌物质发挥益生菌作用,例如DPC16、DSM 20016和JCM 1112产生Reuterin[39],RC-14产生H2O2。许多菌株通过竞争排斥作用为宿主提供益处,如罗伊氏菌ATCC 55730[40],這需要相对较强的疏水特性,以便其容易黏附在肠道并居住在肠道中[36]。菌株的免疫调节可能对宿主有益。据报道,ATCC 55730、ATCC PTA 6475、100-23和CRL1324等菌株在人的[41-45]和动物细胞中触发免疫反应。表1列出了一些具有免疫调节特性的菌株及其对应的模式。

作为益生菌,罗伊氏菌株在人和动物中都已有应用。它主要对人类肠道、泌尿生殖道或口腔有益处。传统的肠道益生菌是酸奶等乳制品[52]。食用含有罗伊氏乳杆菌的酸奶显著减少了变形链球菌的口腔携带[53]。服用NCIMB 30242菌株胶囊有利于改善胃肠道健康状况[54]。在非乳制品中的应用,如制成燕麦奶[55]和杏仁奶[56]。此外,它还可用于功能性食品,如桦木基益生菌发酵饮料[57]、奶油[58]和高胆固醇血症成人酸奶配方[59]。该菌株被用作泌尿生殖道益生菌,其形式为阴道内胶囊、栓剂[60],以防止病原体如GBS定植[44],可以替代抗生素治疗龋齿、牙龈炎和慢性牙周炎的新模式[61-64],用于抑制产生口腔异味的细菌以改善口臭[65]。

在动物中,罗伊氏乳杆菌益生菌可以促进生长,提高饲料利用效率,防止腹泻,并调节家禽和/或家畜的免疫系统[66];显著提高沙门氏菌诱导的鸡白痢感染模型的存活率,并有望改善E.艾美球虫实验性感染肉鸡的肠道健康和生长性能[67]。

2.2  医药应用

罗伊氏乳杆菌的药物应用是治疗容易暴露于细菌感染的系统中的疾病,如口腔、皮肤、伤口、胃肠道和泌尿生殖道。一项关于DSM 17938菌株治疗儿童腹泻疾病的荟萃分析显示,它减少了腹泻的持续时间,增加了治愈的机会。在预防性环境中,罗伊氏乳杆菌有可能降低其他健康儿童社区获得腹泻的风险[68],该菌株具有降低坏死性小肠结肠炎和晚发型败血症风险的潜力[69]。

在抗幽門螺杆菌的治疗中,益生菌如乳酸杆菌GG[70]已被证明可以减轻胃炎的严重程度。Goossens 总结了胃肠病学中的益生菌,其中治疗和抗幽门螺杆菌不包括罗伊氏乳杆菌[71]。因此,近年来罗伊氏乳杆菌已用于幽门螺杆菌引起的胃炎、胃和十二指肠溃疡以及胃恶性肿瘤的治疗。罗伊氏乳杆菌也是一个很好的候选辅助治疗[72]。截至目前,ATCC 55730[ 73-75]、DSM 17938[ 76-77]、ATCC PTA 6475[78-79]菌株被报道可作为抗幽门螺杆菌治疗的补充。与三联疗法相比,补充罗伊氏乳杆菌使根除率更高,不良反应发生率低。一些试点研究发现,非活细胞(菌株DSMZ 17648)能有效控制幽门螺杆菌[27,80]。与活的益生菌细胞相比,非活细胞的优点是储存和运送要求较低,保质期延长,生产成本降低[27],可以拓宽罗伊氏乳杆菌的应用模式。

该菌在泌尿生殖道的应用主要用于妇科疾病如阴道病。目前只有极少数菌株进行了临床试验。RC-14是目前报道最多的株[60,81-86],PBS072株[87]也在其中。可单独使用,也可作为补充剂或与其他益生菌以阴道胶囊、栓剂[ 60]或口服[ 81-82]的形式混合使用,它可以减少妇女的阴道病原体定植率,是一种替代的、无副作用的治疗方法。

据报道,罗伊氏乳杆菌GMNL-89具有抗炎活性[88]。它可以用来治疗和/或缓解与炎症相关的疾病,如类风湿性关节炎。KCTC-10301BP和GMNL-89菌株可用于预防和/或治疗肥胖或糖尿病[ 89-90]。DSM 122460菌株对治疗特应性皮炎有益[91 ]。DSM 17938菌株可能是一个有用的补充,为全身性镍过敏综合征患者,以恢复肠道稳态的条件[92]。ATCC 55730菌株用于预防IgE相关性湿疹[93]。

2.3  食物保存

在食品保藏领域,罗伊氏菌株的强力抗菌活性是必要的。在某些情况下,低酸度利于食品保存,然而这可能会改变食物的味道。在添加甘油的食品发酵中产生的Reuterin 看起来很有吸引力,前提是不对食品的生化、物理和感官特性产生负面影响。INIA P572株已被证明具有这些优异的性能[94]。然而,如果仅仅利用Reuterin 优良的抗菌性能,它只是一种食品添加剂。因此,提出了一种新的生物保鲜剂系统,由含有罗伊氏乳杆菌和甘油的海藻酸钠涂层组成。为了控制腐败细菌和真菌的生长,罗伊氏乳杆菌可以添加在食品加工过程中,它发酵食品本身[95],也可以被添加到薄膜中并进一步用于控制无害李斯特菌[12]。罗伊氏乳杆菌在食品保鲜中的应用见表2。

4  展望

罗伊氏乳杆菌是唯一能使多种动物肠道中存在的主要乳酸杆菌物种成为“主要成分”的细菌[13]。源自罗伊氏乳杆菌的活性物质在很长一段时间内对人类和动物有益。除了轻微的副作用,如腹胀、胀气等,罗伊氏乳杆菌将在益生菌、生物保鲜剂和疾病治疗领域得到广泛应用。作为益生菌,可用于肠道功能失调的人群,如婴幼儿或刚刚接受过长期抗生素治疗的人群,尽管已有研究证明其安全性,但还需要长期的后续安全评估。一些菌株如RC-14已经临床试验发现其在治疗疾病中的广泛应用,如阴道炎等。其他菌株也显示出良好的临床治疗效果,但尚需要进一步研究。非活性菌株及其应用的研究才刚刚起步,值得进一步研究。总之,来源于罗伊氏乳杆菌的活性物质的应用具有研发前景、值得期待。

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