历史的普遍性与特殊性：马克思历史辩证法新视角

王露瑶　代利刚

摘 要： 历史的普遍性与特殊性关系问题是马克思历史辩证法的热点问题，学界以实践本体论为基础所持有一个基本共识是，具体情境中的特殊性孕育着普遍性。莫伊舍·普殊同（以下简称“普殊同”）独创性地从关系本体论出发，批判了传统马克思主义基于实践情境的准自然主义社会本体论，提出要以抽象劳动为中介来论证资本主义社会关系的历史特殊性，进而阐明了资本主义是一种黑格尔意义上的独特统治体系。然而，普殊同用关系本体论来解决普遍性与特殊性的关系问题还有深究的余地，马克思历史的普遍性与特殊性思想之本质在于将人类社会形态的演进看作一个系统整体，从作为人类基本实践活动的生产性劳动出发，抽象概括出以生产关系为核心的各种关系性规定，并以唯物史观为方法论基础、以政治经济学批判为具体研究路径，真正揭示历史辩证法的本体论基础是实践性与关系性的有机统一。

关键词： 马克思；历史辩证法；政治经济学批判；普殊同；历史的特殊性

中图分类号： B03 文献标志码： A 文章编号： 1673-3851（2023） 02-0087-09

Historical universality and particularity： A new interpretation of Marx′s historical dialectics based on Postone′s social critical theory

WANG  Luyao， DAI  Ligang

（School of Marxism， Jiangnan University， Wuxi 214122， China）

Abstract：  The relationship between historical universality and particularity is a hot issue in Marx′s historical dialectics. The academic community holds a basic consensus based on practical ontology that particularity in specific situations breeds universality. Starting from the relational ontology， Moishe Postone creatively criticized the quasi-naturalistic social ontology of traditional Marxism based on practical situations， proposed to use abstract labor as an intermediary to demonstrate the historical particularity of capitalist social relations， and then clarified that capital doctrine is a unique system of governance in the Hegelian sense. However， there is still room for further study about Postone′s using relational ontology to solve the problem of the relationship between universality and particularity. The essence of Marx′s historical universality and particularity thought is to regard the evolution of human social form as a system as a whole. Starting from the productive labor of basic human practical activities， the paper abstractly summarizes various relational regulations with production relations as the core， and takes historical materialism as the methodological basis and political economy criticism as the specific research path， truly